水稻防治藥劑對水稻生理之影響
Other Title
Phytotoxicity of pesticides used in paddy field on the growth of rice plants
Journal
台灣水稻保護成果及新展望研討會專刊
Part Of
農業試驗所特刊第138號
Pages
105-119
ISBN
9789860191561
Date Issued
2009-07
Author(s)
蔣永正
Chiang, Y. J.
Abstract
化學防治為現代病、蟲、草等害物管理的主要方式。一般農藥在上市前，必須通過藥效及藥害測定，因此依循登記之作物範圍及方法，在非極端氣候下施用，是不致有藥害發生的疑慮。藥害的發生與施用藥量過高、噴施方式不正確、或混合藥劑間的物化性不相容有關。一般水稻藥害多發生在移植初期、幼穗分化期或穀粒充實等敏感生育期。大多數栽培者基於省工及掌握控制時效等因素，在使用殺蟲劑或殺菌劑等對植物毒性較低之藥劑時，會將多種農藥混合施用，導致噴液中添加劑含量提高，引起水稻柱頭乾枯發生空穎的異常現象，成為近年來水稻藥害發生的主因。添加劑中的展著劑主要是改變細胞膜的通透性，也可能造成蛋白質變性失去酵素的功能。濃度過高時，會造成展開葉出現褐化藥斑，引起未展開葉縐縮等急性傷害，但對未接觸到藥劑之新生葉則無影響。藥害發生主要和農藥的物化特性、施藥方式及作物種類與生育期的敏感性有關，環境因子則可能改變植體對藥劑的吸收程度。不同類別的農藥對植物的活性會有差異，劑型則會影響活性的表現程度。環境中光照、溫度與降雨量等氣候因子，會影響植體表面對噴施型藥劑的截取與滯留。土壤質地、物化特性與微生物相等，則會影響土壤中藥劑的殘留活性。水稻不同品種對藥劑的敏感度有明顯差異，一般農藥對秈稻生長之抑制作用較?稻為強。非目標區內發生的藥害，主要是經由飄散、灌溉水污染、土壤殘留等途徑，接觸到微量除草劑或高活性藥劑所引起。藥害造成作物受損的程度，視作物生育期、吸收的藥量及作物對藥劑的敏感性而異，一般在幼苗期及接近收穫期發生之藥害，植株生育不易完全恢復。早期發生、程度輕微且影響局部組織之藥害多可慢慢恢復，但在採收期即使只有局部傷害也可能嚴重影響品質或收量。
Pesticides are heavily used for managing pests in modern day agriculture. The ideal management system of chemical control is to ensure safety to crops, the user and the environment. Before a pesticide receives registration, it is subjected to field efficacy trails based on the reduction of pest population and on the damage of crop yield and quality or any other property of economic importance to the grower. Pesticides registered for specific crops generally have a wide range of crop tolerance to compensate for possible user misapplication and adverse environmental situations. Therefore, it is difficult to predict crop injury of a registered pesticide from misuse pattern, unusual environmental and edaphic conditions, and variations in tolerance of cultivars. Field observations on crop injury problems with pesticides include excessive rates of application, improper methods of application, equipment contamination, pesticide drift and volatilization, field residues, chemical interactions and incompatibilities, and unusual soil and climatic conditions. Many growers combine pesticides in a tank mix for simultaneous application to conserve time and energy and reduce labor costs. Detrimental effects on crops with pesticide mixtures are attributed to the interactions among the several components. Injury of pesticide to non-target crops was mainly caused by spray drift, irrigated water contamination, and field residue problem. Often, herbicides have the potential for reducing growth of susceptible non-target crops with a very low level. Most pesticides have the potential capacity to cause temporary or long-lasting damage to plants. The assessment of crop tolerance is an essential element of the efficacy evaluation of a plant protection product. Crop tolerance trials should cover the range of growth stages of the crop
that is proposed to be treated, as well as potentially sensitive timings of treatment.Once injury occurs, there are no true remedial measures that can be implemented to recover from the damage. Prevention is better than cure. To check the performance of each sprayer component prior to mix chemicals is the best way to prevent pesticide injury problems so that a uniform, non-overlapping swath and correct rate of pesticide for the given soil type can be applied.
Event(s)
台灣水稻保護成果及新展望研討會
Proceedings of Symposium on Achievements and Perspectives of Rice Protection in Taiwan
Subjects
水稻
農藥
藥害
rice
pesticide
phytotoxicity
Publisher
農業試驗所嘉義分所
Type
conference paper
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