Cytological and Agronomical Studies on American Wild-Rice, Zizania palustris, and Its Related Species
Other Title
美國野生稻及其近緣植物之細胞學及農藝學的研究
Journal
中華農學會報
Journal Issue
新103
Pages
20-42
Date Issued
1978-09
Author(s)
CHEN-SENG HUANG
黃真生
Abstract
In this paper, previous studies on Zizania species are reviewed, and the results of our cytological and agronomical studies on these species are reported.
1. The karyotypes of 2 American wild-rices are similar. The only differece between them seems to be the 10th pair of chromosomes in Z. palustris had a satellite, while no SAT-chromosome was found in Z. aquatica. The satellite is located on the end of its long arm. Great difference was found between karyotypes of American wild-rices and Ku-sun, Z. latifolia. The karyotype of Z. latifolia, the perennial type in this genus, was the most asymetrical among the three species, indicating it is an advanced type.
2. Fairly regular chromosome behavior in meiosis was observed in Z. palustris and Z. aquatica (all, n=15); whereas in Z. latifolia (n=17), 2 or more univalents or fragment were observed in 24.3% of the PMCs at diakinesis and metaphase-I. Chromosome bridge(s) accompanied by or no accentric fragment(s) and numerically unequal distribution of chromosomes were found in 62.2% of the PMCs at anaphase-I of Z. latifolia, showing its nature of inversion heterozygosity.
3. Germination rates of the palustris seeds, when checked once every 2 months after harvest, showed 5 peaks in 4 years. The first 3 peaks appeared regularly in early summer every year, and the last 2 peaks shifted ahead for about 6 months.
4. Dormancy of the palustris seeds was successfully broken by combined applicaiton of a mixture of G. A. and thiamine at 1 ppm each and the scarification of seed coat, resulting in 82.4% of germination and 66% of survived seedlings. Two mechanisms apparently involved in the seed dormancy of this plant are the effect of water-impermeable seedcoat and lack of growth substances.
5. A date-of-planting test recealed that the temperature range of 22° to 32℃ without too low and too high light intensities appeared most favolable to the growth of palustris plants. The optimum period of seedling nursery for transplanting was 12-14 days. A fertilizers test at several levels of ammonium sulphate did not demonstrate that the fertilizer was the limiting factor to the growth and grain yield of the plant, however, close spacing did promote the growth.
6. Among 4 herbicides tested, TOK was found to be the most recommendable for aquatic weed control in transplanted paddies of Z.palustris. Saturn, less phytotoxic to the ordinary rice, induced a seriously stunted symptom on the young plants at the recommended doses.
7. The destructive diseases, occured in Z. palustris in this subtropic, were bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas sp.), blast (Piricularia sp.) and Helminthosporium. The blast disease was checked to a considerable extent by 2 consecutive applications of Kasumin, a Japanese-made antibiotic fungicide.
本文報告美國野生稻(苽米)及有關苽屬植物之前人研究結果概要和我們所做的細胞學及農藝學的研究結果。試驗結果摘要如下。
1. 兩種美國野生稻的核型相似，僅有的差異似在於Zizania palustris之第十對染色體具有衛星體，而Z. aquatica卻沒有。此衛星體附隨在該染色體之長臂末端。兩種美國野生稻之核型與茭白(Z. latifolia)者有很大之差異。茭白之核型在三種之間最為不對稱，顯示其為演進型。
2. Z. palustris和Z. aquatica(均 n=15)在減數分裂時之染色體行動均正常，但Z. latifolia (n=17)有24.3%的花粉母細胞在肥厚期或第一中期顯示有2個或以上之單價染色體或染色體斷片。在第一後期，更有62.6%之花粉母細胞具有染色體橋隨伴或不隨伴著無中節染色體斷片，或染色體形不均等數分離者。
3. Z. palustris種子兩個月一次之發芽率，在四年之中，顯示有五個高峰。前三個高峰有規則的出現在每年之初夏，但後二個卻各提早約六個月。
4. Z. palustris 種子之休眠性可以用種皮割破後處理G.A.和thiamine各1ppm 之混合液成功的打破。結果種子有82.4%之發芽率，苗株有66%之成活率。很明顯的有二個休眠性機構在作用，一是不透水的種皮，另一是生長素之缺乏。
5. 種植期試驗結果顯示攝氏22至32度之氣溫和不強不弱的太陽光線有利於palustris植物之生長，而適當之秧苗期間是12~14天。另一肥料試驗指出硫酸錏施量並不是限制其生長和穀粒產量之因素。但密植卻對其生長有促進效果。
6. 四種殺草劑中，以「多谷」最適於palustris水田的除草。「掃丹」對一般水稻比較溫和，藥害較小，但對此植物秧苗卻有嚴重的矮化藥害作用。
7. Z. palustris在此亞熱帶地區有如下之重要病害，卽是細菌性白葉枯病(Xanthomonas sp.)，稻熱病(Piricularia sp.)和Helminthosporium。連續兩次噴施日本製抗生素Kasumin使稻熱病控制至相等的程度。
Subjects
近緣植物
美國
細胞學
野生稻
農藝學
Publisher
中華農學會
Type
journal article