| dc.description.abstract | 本省在60/61年期已全面推廣採用塑膠菇舍栽培洋菇。但以癭蠅幼蟲損害洋菇原料品質，而成為臺灣洋菇罐頭外銷之威脅。玆就兩年來調查及試驗研究所得結果，摘述如下：
一、塑膠姑舍中為害洋菇之癭蠅，以粗緣癭蠅Heteropeza pygmaea Winnertz最為主要。
二、洋菇品系耐蟲之觀察於適合洋菇栽培之溫度(16~18及20~24℃)飼養幼蟲，以現行推廣之優良洋鈷542, 543, 547及551, 554等5品系為試材，各品系之每幼體生殖一世代所需時間，以生活於前三品系菌絲上之幼蟲較後二者長，生殖幼蟲數亦較少。又自英國及荷蘭引進11個尚未推廣之洋姑品系(編號El~6及Hl~5)，經在15~19℃飼養幼蟲，發現生活在El, H2及H4 3品系菌絲上之幼蟲顯較對照品系542及547每幼體生殖世代所需時間長，而生殖幼蟲數亦少。
三、塑膠菇舍中幼蟲之發生消長據調查在菇床出菇初期迄未發現幼蟲潛入菇體，但自出菇1個月後，就能發現少數幼蟲潛入菇體，其後菇體之含蟲量逐漸增多。故洋菇栽培之中後期，菇體含蟲量大部分均已超過15隻之檢驗標準。
四、幼蟲在菇床之生境塑膠菇舍栽培洋菇，堆肥均經加熱進行後醱酵，不但可抑制堆肥前醱酵時所染之有害雜菌，並可培養高溫性之有益菌類，因此在桔床中複雜之有害微生物，由於不同溫度之處理，而變為較單純而有利於洋菇之生長。堆肥後醱酵後所產生之大量放射菌（Actinomyces)，不但對菇床上雜菌具有甚強之抑制作用，且對幼蟲生長亦生阻力。故在尚未播種前，癭蠅幼蟲實無法在菇床生存，以後由於洋菇菌絲之生長，幼蟲獲得食料乃逐漸繁殖。
五、幼蟲食性之觀察堆肥經後醱酵處理而產生有利之放射菌及Humicola，經以自堆肥中分離之2種放射菌（代號A4及B4）飼養幼蟲，發現幼蟲不能在其菌絲上生活。以A4上加接洋菇（547）菌絲再飼養幼蟲，亦未見有正常生殖，而以B4上加接洋菇菌絲飼養幼蟲，僅有部分幼蟲能生殖小幼蟲。又以從堆肥中分離之Humicola spp.（代號HMI, F96, Hu）之菌絲飼養幼蟲，結果尚能生活正常。如以放射菌上（A4）分別加接3種Humicola飼養幼蟲，以A4+HM1幼蟲生殖數最少；A4+F96及A4+Hu之幼蟲生殖數，均較Humicola菌絲單獨飼養者為少。
六、幼蟲及休眠幼蟲耐溫之測定以40˚，45˚及50℃溫梯測定對幼蟲之致死情形，發現在45℃處理6小時尚有極少數幼蟲不能致死，而在50℃處理6小時，幼蟲及休眠幼蟲均不能生活。由此，可見堆肥後醱酵之溫度，足可將潛伏堆肥中之幼蟲及休眠幼蟲殺死。
七、幼蟲在環境適宜及食料充足時，均行幼體生殖(Paedogeoesis)，1隻小幼蟲在不同溫度下經6~14天可生殖一世代，平均能產生14隻小幼蟲，繁殖極為迅速。但在較乾燥或食料菌絲老化而幼嫩菌絲缺乏時，其中型幼蟲即體壁變厚，猶似蛹殼，顏色亦變為淡褐至褐色而呈休眠。此休眠幼蟲若在乾燥環境下，經6個月尚有大部份能在得到適宜環境及食料時，產生小幼蟲而繼續繁殖，經9個月後尚有少數能產生小幼蟲。休眠幼蟲體內小幼蟲以1隻為常見，偶有2隻者。
八、在洋菇生長期間及堆肥中，時常發現肉食性之圍眼癭蠅（屬Cecidomyiinae）幼蟲及溝蟎（Neoparasitidae）捕食粗綠癭蠅幼蟲。
九、塑膠菇舍所開通氣窗對於粗綠癭蠅之發生影響甚大，其成蟲體軀竟度不及一般通氣窗所裝設紗網之孔目大，故成蟲受洋菇菌絲所發出氣味之引誘，即可自紗網侵入產卵，據調查得知通氣窗附近之菇體含蟲量均較高。
十、覆土材料如未經加熱消毒及覆蓋處理，則癭蠅之成蟲、卵、幼蟲及休眠幼蟲均可能帶上菇床，繁殖為害。
1. This report is based on studies (1970-72) on the biology of the cecid fly Heteropeza pygmaea Winnertz (Cecidomyiidae Heteropezinae) in Taipei and Chiayi, Taiwan in polyethylene tents where this cecid fly was the most abundant and destructive pest of the common cultivated mushroom Agaricus bisporus.
2. Under the optimum temperature for the growth of mushroom, i. e. 16-18° and 20-24°C, the mushroom strains 542, 543 and 547 appeared to be less favorable than did strains 551 and 554 to the larval development and reproductivity of this cecid fly.
3. The peak-heating of the compost used for the cultivation of mushroom was lethal to both active and dormant larvae of Heteropeza. Experimental results showed that 50°C treatment of the compost for 6 hrs. was sufficient to kill all larvae contained therein.
4. Two Actinomyces (code numbers A4 and B4) and three Humicola species (code numbers HM1, F96 and Hu) multiplied rapidly in the compost after the peak-heating. Heteropeza larvae bred fairly well on mycelia of Humicola alone but failed to survive on mycelia of A4 or B4 alone and could scarcely undergo normal paedogenesis on such mycelia plus those of mushroom strain 547, or those of Humicola.
5. Heteropeza larvae reproduced by paedogenesis under favorable circumstance at the rate of 6-44 days per generation. They turned darker, harder and puparium-like and went into dormance when the compost became too dry and the food too scarce or unsuitable. A single larva might have five birth to as many as inaverage 14 offsprings, and most dormant larvae survived for 6 months under dry condition, a few might even survive for 9 months.
6. The infestation of this pest was significantly higher at vicinities of ventilation openings of polyethylene tents, and the new infestation in a sterilized tent probably followed the intruding of adults (which are about 0.25mm wide) through meshes ( generally 1-3mm) of the openings.
7. The seasonal fluctuation of larval population density of this pest into the mature mushroom in polyethylene tents, that there was a few larvae (under 5 inds. ) at first 4-6 weeks of picking mushrooms in 100 grams of sample, and in the latter, was most abundant and frequently over 15 individuals in a sample.
8. The only natural enemies of Heteropeza so far noted were several unidentified predators belonging to Cecidomyiidae Cecidomyiinae and Acarina : Neoparasitidae | en_US |
