高品質小花蕙蘭生產體系建構之研究

Abstract

小花蕙蘭 (國蘭) 每年外銷金額可達2~3 億元新臺幣，是金額僅次於蝴蝶蘭之外銷蘭花，商品以平價蘭為主，主要銷往韓國、日本、新加坡及香港等地。近年來國蘭栽培面積雖快速擴充，但達外銷標準之產品率偏低，以致於出口貨源不足。探究其原因可為下列幾點：1. 慣行栽培以分芽繁殖為主，繁殖倍率低，大量栽種時蘭苗供應不敷使用；2. 蕙蘭嵌紋病毒 (Cymbidium mosaic virus，CymMV)及齒舌蘭輪斑病毒 (Odontoglossum ringspot virus，ORSV) 為小花蕙蘭主要之病毒，以及具寄主專一性-尖鐮孢菌 (Fusarium oxysporum)所引起之假球莖腐敗病，此三種病害傳播途徑均為帶菌之種苗，而分芽繁殖方式導致病毒病及假球莖腐敗病迅速擴散，以致栽培管理不易。3. 目前多數蘭農採用雙層遮蔭網室，此種設施由於無法防雨，因此導致病害難以控制。上述小花蕙蘭繁殖方法與栽培的缺失必須加以克服，才能提供生育整齊、生理一致與栽培管理便利達到外銷需求標準之商品，因此建立小花蕙蘭健康種苗供應系統與開發病害檢測方法以利種苗健康管理實屬必要。本團隊針對四季類 (Cymbidium ensifolium) 與報歲類(Cymbidium sinense) 小花蕙蘭種苗進行組織培養大量繁殖、出瓶馴化與肥培管理技術目前已有初步成果；針對兩種主要病毒病害亦已研發血清檢測與生物晶片兩種偵測方法，以及利用RT-PCR 方式檢測尖鐮孢菌之感染。試驗結果顯示，利用健康種苗進行栽培能大幅度降低種苗帶病之機率，主要病害檢測方法之建立則有助於健康栽培管理。本團隊後續擬以(1)組織培養種苗生產及其肥培管理；(2)設施栽培管理與病害控制；(3)建構國蘭健康種苗供應中心等三項主題為主要研究目標。利用整合組培苗繁殖栽培技術、病害檢測技術與管理策略，並配合育種家、蘭農與貿易商的觀點選擇適當商業栽培品種，建立高效率小花蕙蘭生產模式，大量生產符合外銷需求之高品質小花蕙蘭成株商品。 Chinese Cymbidium has reached annual production of 2-3 hundred million NTD ranked only after the Phalanopsis flower industry. The main exporting countries are South Korea, Japan, Singapore and Hong Kong with low-price products. Although Chinese Cymbidium productivity has been fast expanded in recent years, selling products were insufficient due to lower acceptable rates. Three reasons were concluded for the upper mentioned problem, 1. Plantlet propagation rate through shoot dividing method was quite low. 2. Two major virus, Cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV), Odontoglossum ringspot virus (ORSV), and one fungus pathogen-pseudobulb decayed disease (Fusarium oxysporum), are found in Chinese Cymbidium which could spread with reproduced plantlets and leading to serious cultivation problems. 3. Ordinarily, Chinese Cymbidium is cultivated under the double-layers sunshade net system which may cause active fungus disease because of lacking of rainfall prevention. In order to overcome these drawbacks and to obtain healthy cloned plants for industry cultivation and for exporting high quality products, it is very essential to establish the in vitro masspropagation system to provide disease-free plantlets and to have disease detection techniques for Chinese Cymbidium industry. So for, our team has developed in vitro micropropagation and ex vitro acclimation system as well as fertilization applications on Cymbidium ensifolium and Cymbidium sinense plantlet production. In addition to ELISA and biochip detection methods for CymMV and ORSV, a RT-PCR method for detecting F. oxysporum were also established. Our results showed that using healthy plantlets derived from micropropagation could reduce disease spreading and methods for disease detection are very beneficial for Chinese Cymbidium industry. Subjects to follow up are: 1) The techniques of micropropagation and plantlet cultivation system, 2) Improvement of cultivation and disease management, 3) The healthy plantlet production and supplement system. The optimal goal for this study is to combine with the unique vision of breeders, farmers and traders to establish a new and efficient operation system for production of healthy plantlets. The entire system will not only supply healthy plantlets for farmers but also provide cultivation system to produce high quality Chinese Cymbidium plants for exporting purpose.