世界荔枝產業概況

Abstract

荔枝主要分佈於南北回歸線內之亞熱帶地區及熱帶地區之中高海拔冷涼山區，世界總種植面積約為80萬公頃，栽培國家及地區依次為中國（佔全世界之80%以上）、印度、越南、泰國、馬達加斯加、臺灣，其他如巴基斯坦、墨西哥、孟加拉、尼泊爾均低於1萬公頃，其餘美國、南非、澳洲等地均為少量，中南美洲為新興產區。荔枝為亞熱帶果樹，原產中國大陸之華南地區及越南北部，因外觀美麗，風味優良，於18-20世紀之間，逐漸向世界各地流傳，例如緬甸(西元1700年)，臺灣(1720年以前)，各地荔枝品種仍以中國引進或其後代衍生之品種為主，產期大致在4-8月(北半球)及11-2月(南半球)，3月及10月為荔枝缺乏期，只有少數地點受氣候之影響可全年生產如美國夏威夷島及東南亞中高海拔山區(越南大叻及泰國清邁)。世界各國栽培荔枝之問題均相似，包括缺乏優良品種，隔年結果嚴重，產量偏低，產期偏短，採收後處理技術缺乏，急待開發加工產品。中國為荔枝最大生產地，荔枝分佈區域南達海南省三亞市，北至四川攀枝花(9個緯度)，東起福建省莆田市，西達雲南元陽縣(18個經度)。產期自4月下旬至8月下旬(約120天)，主要產期在6月中至7月下旬(45天，佔75%)。中國荔枝約220餘品種，主要栽培者約25品種，以黑葉最多，次為妃子笑。每年舉辦全國荔枝研討會，發表論文近百篇。澳洲荔枝之栽培面積佔世界總量之比率極低，但無論在品種改良，田間栽培管理之機械化，特殊的網室栽培，半自動採收處理作業及荔枝生產者協會之農民組織，均有特殊之處，值得參考。目前荔枝生產區域已從傳統產區向中南美洲迅速擴展，中國之面積已達穩定(略有減少)，中南美洲(如巴西)將會有較大面積之增產。 Lychee production is distributed in subtropical lowland and cold hilly tropical area around the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. The total area and production is 795,000 ha and 2.5 million MT respectively in 2005. The main production countries are China, India, Vietnam, Thailand, Madagascar, Taiwan，Pakistan, Mexico, Bangladesh, Nepal and some minors including USA, South Africa and Australia. Central and South American countries are new and potential area (more than 1500 ha in Brazil in 2007). All lychee varieties in the world are derived from China and their progenies. Main season is concentrated between April to August in north hemisphere and November to February in south hemisphere. The lychee is lack in March and October in the market. However, some area such as Hilo, Hawaii, Daloc, Vietnam and Northern Thailand which are affected by cold temperature and able to produce lychee year round. The constraints of lychee production are similar in the world. Lack of elite cultivar, alternate bearing, low yield, short season and shelf life and less processing products are main problems confronted to this industry. The international trade of lychee is few (only 50-60 thousands MT, less than 2% of total production) and limited by short shelf life. China, Thailand, Taiwan, Vietnam, India, Australia, South Africa, Israel, Madagascar and Mauritius are main export countries. The production has been extended from traditional area to Central and South American Countries. The lychee production area has been approached maximum and may decrease in China. The area in Vietnam will be increased for local consumption and export. Large scale increase is predicted in Central and South American Countries such as Brazil.