果樹整枝修剪

Abstract

休眠期修剪可以增加新梢生長及減少樹幹周徑及根生長。短剪較疏剪有較多新生長。夏季修剪較休眠期修剪刺激生長。短剪可以除去頂端優勢，從相關性抑制作用中釋放基部芽。休眠期修剪通常能增加葉中之氮、磷及鉀量，但是會減少鈣及鎂量，夏季修剪則增加葉及果實內鈣及鎂量。修剪能問接增加光合作用，此因修剪增進樹冠內光線透入及分佈狀態。夏季修剪如果剪去果實附近之葉，往往會減少果實內碳水化合物量。修剪對樹體健康有所貢獻，可使噴藥工作方便及除去病害感染來源，在另一方面，嚴厲修剪會刺激徒長枝發生，則促進火傷病的蔓延。短剪較疏剪會壓制果芽形成，幼年旺盛樹較老年不旺盛樹對果芽形成尤受影響。休眠期及夏季修剪均能增進著果。修剪會減少果實產量，尤以較年幼樹為然，此因修剪會壓制果芽形成及剪去已形成果芽所致。修剪與結果規則性成正相關。蘋果樹行較重休眠期修剪，雖可生產過大形果實，果實內含有豐富氮量，但含鈣量少，造成果實不耐儲藏。夏季修剪對果形大小影響雖不及休眠期修剪明顯，但能增進蘋果著色，增加含鈣量，使果實耐於儲藏。整枝修剪可用在果樹特殊栽培管理中，如樹形養成及矮化、果實產期調節、促進花芽形成或發育及防止樹勢衰弱等應用技術。 Training and pruning of fruit trees is an important management in the orchard. Dormant pruning increases the growth of new shoots but decreases the growth of the trunk and roots. Shoot heading results in more new growth than shoot thinning. Summer pruning stimulates less growth than dormant pruning. Dormant pruning usually increases the contant of N, K and P but decreases the content of Ca and Mg. However, summer pruning increases the photosynthesis indirectly as a result of improving light interception and distribution within the tree canopy. Pruning may contribute to tree health by facilitating spraying operations and by removing sources of infection diseases. Shoot heading suppresses fruit bud formation to greater extent than shoot thinning. Both dormant and summer pruning increases fruit setting. Pruning has a positive influence on the regularity of bearing. Summer pruning increases the calcium content of apple and improves storage quality. The pruning application of fruit trees could be summarized as follow: (1) training of tree forms. (2) dwarfing of fruit trees. (3) forcing culture of fruit trees. (4) maintenance of tree vigor and (5) formation and promotion of flowers and fruits.