命名及鑑定植物病原真菌

Abstract

植物病理學家經常會對真菌學名之複雜性而感到困惑，甚至會覺得真菌之命名及分類方式不易理解。誠然，由於真菌之特殊性質，造就了生物學中獨⼀無⼆的雙名制(dual nomenclature)之命名制度，但這個制度雖不符合自然分類的理論，卻實施了上百年。隨著DNA序列廣泛的被應用在真菌之分類，早期不得不使用雙名制之權宜背景已不復存在，因而自2013 年1 月1 日起，將真菌之命名回歸和其他生物之命名⼀致，⼀個生物只有⼀個學名，在真菌就是“⼀真菌⼀學名(one fungus one name)”。對其他生物是理所當然的事，但在真菌卻掙扎的上百年才獲得這樣的命名條件，但這樣的改變卻必須面對、及解決早期雙名制留存下來的命名問題，這會是很複雜，卻是有脈絡可循的，只要能清楚其邏輯脈絡，就可以清楚掌握這樣的轉變，並能正確的使用學名。在此將說明實施雙名制之原因、雙名制之操作方式、⼀真菌⼀學名之原理、及實⾏⼀真菌⼀學名對既有學名之影響，循序漸進的說明真菌命名演進的來龍去脈，此觀念之理解，將有助於正確的命名及鑑定植物病原真菌。而對於真菌鑑定已不可或缺之DNA 條碼，有⼀些執⾏上需注意之關鍵，如能正確且有效的運用DNA 條碼，將能使真菌之鑑定更為便利。 Plant pathologists are usually perplexed by the complexity of fungal scientific names, and consider that the fungal nomenclature is hardly understood. Indeed, there was a unique regulation allowed to be implemented in fungi, i.e. dual nomenclature. Although dual nomenclature violated the principle of natural classification, it had been followed for more than one hundred years. With the common application of DNA sequences in fungal taxonomy, the dual nomenclature has been no longer necessary, and thereby has been abolished since 1 Jan 2013. The rule of fungal nomenclature turned into “one fungus one name”, a principle which is taken for granted in other organisms. This change in fungal nomenclature is essential. However, it resulted in change of numerous names of fungi. To realize how the names change is important for whoever use fungal names, especially for plant pathologists. There are clear standards for making the name changes. These standards will be interpreted herein. The origin of dual nomenclature, the operation of dual nomenclature, the principle of one fungus one name, and the influence of names after the implementation of one fungus one name are elucidated. It will be helpful for accurately naming and identifying plant pathogenic fungi. DNA barcoding has become indispensable in identifying fungi. There are some aspects required to be noticed during its application. Hopefully the identification of fungi will become easier if the DNA barcoding can be properly applied.