高溫菇(Agaricus bitorquis)之研究

Abstract

為闡明高溫桔之菌絲生長、發菇等生理與栽培下種量、栽培適期及加工等有關資料，乃從事以下各種試驗，結果如下： (一) 菌絲生長以30℃最好，15℃以下及40℃以上，15天內不會生長，39℃為菌絲生長最高臨界溫度。 (二) 菌絲在PH5.1~7範圍均能生長良好，至PH4及PH10時，則生長顯著不良。 (三) 堆肥水份含量在56~79％範圍內，菌絲均能正常生長，其中以56％左右生長最快，46％以下則生長不良。 (四) 供試培養基中以馬鈴薯堆肥洋菜培養基生長最好，堆肥洋菜、玉米堆肥洋菜及玉米洋菜三種次之，Czapek培養基最差，菌絲亦稀弱，馬鈴薯洋菜培養基生長慢，但菌絲濃，且在菌絲上極易形成小桔體。 (五) 小子實體(Pinhead)或菇蕾(Primodium)之發生以30℃最多，25~35℃下亦可發生，但數量較少，20℃以下，則幾乎無法形成。 (六) 在25、30、35℃三種溫度下，相互變溫培養，在上述範圍內無論高溫培養後移於低溫培養，或反之，均能形成小子實體或菇蕾。 (七) 子實體之形成與光線之關係不大，在0-1000Lux下均能出拮，為管理方便以50-100Lux之光照較為合宜。 (八) 本試驗用糙米培製之菌種，每坪份折合用1、2、4、8、16瓶(350g)等處理，經栽培統計分析結果，除用1瓶／坪者，產量顯著較差外，其他均無顯著差異。在實用上似應用2瓶／坪較為經擠，但如為提早出菇，或減少害菌寄生機會，增加菌種用量，亦為一可行之方法。 (九) 本省氣候下，一般4~10月間均可栽培，與一般洋桔可以配合作週年栽培。 (十) 高溫菇據國內外學者之鑑定確屬Agaricus bitorquis，再經生物及加工食用有關試驗資料，確定可供食用。 (十一) 加工冷凍乾燥成品不亞洋菇（圖五），製成罐頭則切片為適，製成紐粒者，因此菇有一層薄膜，影響外觀至大。 In order to closely examine a) the effect of environmental factors on mycelial growth and fructification, b) the relationships between the yield and both the rate of spawning and season of cultivation, as well as c) the quality of processing product of a new mushroom,which has been identified as Agaricus bitorquis by ATCC, many experiments were carried out and the conclusions are described as follows 1. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 30°C; no growth from the innoculum was observed at the temperature lower than 15°C or upper than 40°C in 15 days; the highest critical temperature. for mycelial growth was 39C. 2. The mycelia grew well in the pH range of 5.1 to 7.0, but poorly when the pH value was lowered to 4 or raised to 10. 3. Normal rnycelial growth was obtained when the water content of the compost was strikingly adjusted to 56-79%, with an optimum at 56%, but the growth was limited when the water content was lower than 45%. 4. Potato-compost-dextrose agar medium was excellent for mycelial growth among the media being tested, both the compost agar medium and corn agar medium were suboptimum and the Czapek agar medium was bad for mycelial growth. The mycelia grew slowly, but easily developed primordia on PDA. 5. A great number of primordia or pinheads were obtained on agar media if the culture was put at 30°C, however only a few primordia were observed when the temperature was lowered to 25°C or raised to 35°C. The primordium could hardly be observed if the culture was put at the temperature lower than 20°C. 6. The formation of primordia was not evidently affected by change in temperature during inocubation in the range of 25 to 35°C. 7. The initiation of fruiting was not closely related to light. The culture could initiate fruiting on agar media when it was subjected to different light intensity of 0-1000 Lux. However practically it was usually exposed to 50-100 Lux for the convenience of the management of cultivation. 8. With the respect to the experiment on the relationship between the yield and the rate of spawning, it was observed that there was no significant difference in yield when the compost was spawned at the rates of 2 to 16 bottles (350 gram/bottle) per pin (ca. 3.24m2) . In practical application, the most economic spawning rate is 2 bottles of spawn per pin. 9. From April to October the climatic conditions are suitable for cultivation of Agaricus bitorquis in Taiwan. 10. The quality of dehydrated product of the new mushroom A. bitorquis obtained by subjecting the slices of fruit—bodies to quick freezing and drying could be compared with that of dehydrated mushroom of A. bisporus. However, the canned product with whole mushrooms of the former was not so good as those of the latter due to the presence of thin membrances on the pileal surface of the former. It would he better if the mushrooms of the former were cut into slices.