氣象與水稻生產之關係

Abstract

人類依靠糧食為生，而農作物是糧食的主要來源，農作物生產的良痞則由其自身遺傳組成及環境變異共同控制。通常遺傳組成隨人為選種育種目標改變，有其最大生產潛力（能）限制，環境變異將因栽培管理方法及環境變化而異動，造成不同的農作物生產結果。倘若人類對於農作物的選種育種，能夠沿以該地特殊環境為依循標準，將可以預期得到最佳遺傳形質的綜合表現，彰顯遺傳潛能。所謂的理想生產環境，就是農作物能夠在此等環境下充分發揮其遺傳組成的生產潛能，得到遺傳組成所能獲得的最佳表現。惜農作物在生育過程的各環節中未必皆盡如人意生活於理想環境，常可能遭受氣象逆境干擾及氣象災害危害，導致潛在產量與品質的降低甚或災情損失，本文將現階段與農作物生產有關的氣象（候）議題歸納成五大方向，據此延伸將農業氣象科學劃分為五大研究領域，即農業生物氣象、設施農業微氣象、農業氣象災害、農業氣象（候）資源及氣候變遷與負業生產。接著簡述臺灣地區的氣象環境，介紹一些影響農業/水稻生產的重要氣象名詞，描繪氣象環境的時空變化，闡明改變氣象環境的自然及人為誘因。再詳細說明氣象與水稻生產之關係，讓讀者瞭解氣象環境對水稻生產影響及如何改善（進）水稻生產之氣象逆境自最後則做一簡單結論，呼籲政府各有關部門重視我國農業的經營與發展，以維持農業的生態功能，傳承農業文化，並善用農業的社會機能。

Man depend foods for living and crops are the major sources. Crop production is controlled both by its genetic composition and environmental influence, Genetic composition of a crop is determined at the time of breeding and selection with potential production limit. Environmental influence may be ameliorated by cultivation practices and surrounding modifications that resulting different production capacities. The best policy of crop breeding for the best genetic performance is to follow the local specific environment so that genetic potential can he fully fulfilled. The so-called ideal production environment is the habitat that can allow a crop to reach its potential production limit. Unfortunately no place on earth can provide such kind of environment and situation. During the growing period, crops are often encountering varied climatic stresses and disasters leading to reversed yield and quality at harvest. This paper divided climate-crop production relations into five issues and expanded them to five research areas, namely, agricultural biological meteorology, agricultural micro-climate in structure, agricultural climatic disasters, agricultural climatic resources, and climate change and agricultural production. Secondly, characteristics of climate environment in Taiwan were briefly described, meteorological terminology related to rice production was introduced, and the nature of temporal and spatial variation of climatic environment was emphasized. Thirdly, change-s of natural and artificial factors to the fluctuation of climatic environment were delineated to further explain the relationships between climate and rice production. With the clear understanding of climatic effects, practices and strategies for improving the stress impacts may be derived and assessed. Finally, this paper emphasized the importance of running agriculture in aids with its ecological, cultural and social functions and appealed such advantages to the government sectors as an ending.