作物抗病育種之現況與展望

Abstract

本文敘述自民國 89 年至96 年間台灣地區各試驗改良場所育成之作物新品種及其特性，在這8 年間總共育成145 個新品種，其中具抗病性者有77 個品種，佔新育成作物品種總數的53﹪之多。在水稻育種方面，主要進行抗稻熱病、白葉枯病、縞葉枯病之抗病育種，在此期間計育成21 個品種，其中具有抗病性者共15 個品種。雜糧作物育種方面，計育成甘藷、玉米、大豆、黑豆、紅豆落花生、蕎麥及薏苡等17 個品種，其中有13 個品種，分別對銹病、露菌病、白粉病、紫斑病、葉斑病、葉枯病、黑斑病及莖腐病等能抗其中1 種或2 種以上之病害。在特用作物育種方面，計育成仙草及山藥等4 個品種，其中山藥3 個品種對莖枯病具抗性。飼料作物方面，僅育成具抗銹病的尼羅草1 個品種。在果樹育種方面，計育成29 個品種，其中有9 個品種具抗病性，分別抗黃葉病、萎凋病、花樟病、赤色病露疫病及褐根病等病害。在蔬菜育種方面，計育成52 個品種，其中有32 個品種分別能對下列所述病害種類抗1 種或2 種以上者，如：露菌病、白粉病、銹病、晚疫病、疫病、病毒病、蔓割病、萎凋病、青枯病、軟腐病、立枯病及根腐病等。在花卉育種方面，計育成21 個品種，其中有4 個品種具抗病或耐病性，分別對首腐病、灰黴病及青枯病具抗病性。培育抗病品種被認為是防治病害的最佳策略，不僅能有效降低農藥的使用，對環境生態的保育及國人健康皆有莫大裨益，未來宜加速選育質優、抗逆境及病蟲害的本土自有優良品種，以期提供農民種植及增加國人消費時的選擇機會。 The present paper is described the new crop varieties to be developed during 2000-2007. There were 145 new crop varieties have been developed by research institute and districted agricultural improvement station in last 8 years. 77 (53%) out of 145 varieties were resistant to various diseases. In case of rice, breeding is focus on disease resistance of rice blast, bacterial leaf blight of rice and rice strips. There were 21 new varieties have been developed during 2000-2007 and 15 out of 21 varieties performed resistance to one or more above diseases. In case of field crops, new 17 varieties included sweet potato, corn, soybean, small red bean, soya bean, peanut, Job's tears and buckwheat have been released and 13 out of 17 varieties found resistance to one or more diseases such as rust, downy mildew, purple blotch, leaf spot and stem rot. In case of special crops, there were 4 varieties of mesona and yam and only one yam variety showed resistance to stem rot. In case of fodder crops, only nilegrass developed one variety. The new released variety revealed resistance to rust. In case of fruit trees, there were 29 varieties have been developed and 9 out of 29 observed resistance to one or 2 diseases such as Fusarium wilt, mealybug wilt, marbling disease, pink disease, downy blight and brown root rot. In case of vegetable crops, there were 52 varieties have been developed and 32 out of 52 varieties illustrated resistance to one or more diseases such as Fusarium wilt, powdery mildew, white rust, virus and or blight etc. In case of flower crops, there were 21 varieties have been developed and 4 out of 21 varieties appeared resistance to neck rot, botrytis gray mold and bacterial wilt. In general, to develop a new disease resistance variety is recognized the best way for disease control. It is not only effectively decreased the application of pesticide, but also enhance the environmental protection and advance the civil health. It needs to focus on selection and development of high quality, stress and diseases resistance new local crop varieties. It will favor for the requirement of farmers production and consumers consumption.