菊花害蟲之檢疫前處理

Abstract

本省菊花出口係以外銷日本為主，過去幾年辦理外銷時，切花常因附帶活蟲而無法通過日本檢疫標準，遭廢棄者頗多而蒙受重大損失，是為拓展花卉外銷之一大障礙。本省菊花害蟲己知者有15種，葉蟎1種。切花上最常發現者為蚜蟲、薊馬、與二點葉蟎，均屬體軀微小、繁衍迅速，且不易於田間徹底防除之種類。日本菊花上害蟲有49種，至少有3種蚜蟲，2種薊馬與二點葉蟎與本省相同。菊花切花檢疫前害蟲處理必須做到使切花上所有害蟲完全消滅，此外並須顧及無損切花品質，處理方法之安全性及無殘毒問題。浸漬處理切花之藥效受田間防治用藥之影響很大，長期沿用之藥劑，常因抗藥性而失去其原先之優良毒螂。由1980年之試驗曾得知以大克蟎(Dicofol）與芬化刊（Fenvalerate）稀釋液浸漬切花，對二點葉瞞與薊馬效果甚佳，但浸後切花不易乾燥。就燻蒸而言，在不同條件下，甲酸甲醇（Acetaldhyde）對蚜蟲有效，乙烯乙醋（Ethyl Formate）對薊馬有效，二甲苯（Xylene）對薊馬有效，磷化鎂（Magnesium Phosphide）對薊馬與二點葉蟎均有效。在比較10種殺蟲劑與7種殺蠟劑燻煙處理之切花後，發現第滅寧（Decamethrin）對薊馬與蚜蟲最有效，以二種以上之藥劑用相同之處理方式或不同之處理方式做適當之配合以處理切花，可完全殺除切花上之蚜蟲、薊馬及二點葉蟎，且不造成藥害，但處理之時間、溫度等條件必須精確控制。 Large amount of chrysanthemum cutflowers exported to Japan failed to pass the plant quarantine examinations due to the existence of thrips, aphids, and 2-spotted spider mites. It is difficult to obtain a complete kill of these pests by ordinary spraying of chemicals in field, special techniques of quarantine treatments of these pests is hence necessary. Dip the cutflowers with dicofol and fenvalerate kills mites and thrips, respectively. Fumigate the cutflowers with acetaldehyde kills aphids; with either ethyl formate or xylene kills thrips; with magnesium phosphide kills thrips and mites. Smoke treatment of the cutflowers with deltamethrin or fenvalerate kill thrips and aphids. Since there is no one chemical kills all three kinds of pest, treat cutflowers with two proper selected chemicals gives better chance of fulfilling the quarantine requirements.