利用天敵防治蟲害技術

Abstract

利用天敵來防治害蟲的生物防治在古老的中國就已經被使用，由於農藥之使用所引起的農藥殘留、抗藥性、環境污染及危害野生動物等的副作用和環境問題，因此利用天敵防治害蟲更扮演重要的角色。現代害蟲的管理方式則以使用最少量的農藥達到安全有效的目的，因此藉由害蟲的生態知識、天敵的保育、飼育及釋放，結合各種防治方法而溶入作物管理系統而壓制害蟲於經濟為害界限之下則勢在必行。近年來更由於生態保育時代的來臨，且生物防治具有高生態選擇性的特性，亦與其他防治方法具相容性，因此天敵在生物防治上的利用成為最重要的項目。 本文僅就我國往昔及目前天敵研發及利用情形，再就國外天敵利用情形提出報告，因此藉由瞭解國外天敵大量繁殖技術之研發，比較台灣與國外天敵繁殖及利用、天敵釋放技術及防治效益評估，並以此作為我國生物防治工作之依據，建立多元化之防治技術，以整合性防治技術。 Biocontrol of agricultural pests is an old but very sound practice. It was practiced by the early Chinese. Conventional pesticides, used on a long term and heavy dose to control pests, are meeting with increasing undesirable side-effects and environmental problems, e. g., pesticidal residual, environmental contamination and the damage to wildlife etc. The utilization of natural enemies for the control insect pests will play an important role. Thus, modern insect pest management aims at minimal use of insecticides and to achieve safer and more effective control of insect pests through ecological knowledge of the pests, preservation ,rearing and release of their natural enemies, as well as developing various control measures which can be integrated into crop system to suppress the pest populations below economic damage levels. Recently, owing to the coming of the age of ecological conservation, biocontrol is found to possess their properties of high ecological selectivity, and big compatibility with different control agents. The utilization of natural enemy for the control of insect pests became to be emphasized items. Therefore, the purposes of this paper is to report the past and recent research and development of the application for the natural enemies in Taiwan. Under the cooperation with foreign research institutes, we will work on the exploitation and improvement of biocontrol, and will deeply improve the techniques of field evaluation and mass release of natural enemy for insect pest control. Finally, compare the farm system of foreign country which has temperate climate with the farm system of Taiwan which has tropic and subtropic climate, try to explore their properties and differences, and to find their effects on the availability of natural enemy. The results may offer a few ideas to improve biocontrol application in Taiwan.