建構豌豆健康管理模式暨推廣

Abstract

豌豆 (Pisum sativum Linn.) 性喜冷涼乾燥，中部地區因秋冬季氣候溫涼，適合豌豆生育，故栽培最多，其中又以彰化縣栽培面積最大，多集中於福興、秀水、埔鹽、二林等地。台灣種植秋冬季水田裡作豌豆，多讓豆蔓匍匐地上，施藥不易噴及葉背，減低了藥劑防治效果，致使病蟲害發生更加猖獗，影響產量至鉅。本研究利用栽培抗病豌豆品種，並配合應用性費洛蒙誘殺鱗翅目雄蟲、生物製劑減少土壤性傳播病害及栽培方式等綜合防治方法，建構豌豆健康管理生產體系，再加上從2011年起在豌豆產區推動加強農藥安全使用宣導，將可減少化學農藥使用量，及豌豆莢農藥殘毒問題，進而確保國人健康。2011年與彰化福興農會合作，成立豌豆產銷班，設置健康管理示範區，藉由安全用藥及栽培管理講習會向農民宣導區域性費洛蒙誘殺鱗翅目雄蟲技術及生物製劑運用於防治豌豆立枯病 (seedling blight) 及白粉病 (powdery mildew)，並印製政府核准登記於豌豆之化學藥劑資料分發給農友，並輔導該豌豆產銷班農民於2012年5月間通過政府認證，成立全國第一個豌豆吉園圃產銷班，該班班員所生產之豌豆，全數通過國家農藥殘留標準檢測，也為國內蔬菜安全做出正面的保證。2011及2012年彰化豌豆產區連續兩年入冬後的長期降雨，傳統匍匐式栽培豌豆因此大量死亡，本研究亦指導農民豌豆直立式栽培技術，不僅提高存活率，及維持良好的通風性並提高藥劑防治效果，不但農民得以減少用藥次數及用量，且可提早10天開花結果，減少20%的害蟲數量，豌豆果莢碩大，外形平直肥厚，良莢比率高，產量更增加54%，每公頃更可增加3800公斤，收益每公頃可達62萬元。 Peas (Pisum sativum) grow well in cold, dry autumn and winter in central Taiwan. Fuxing, Xiushui, Puyan, and Erlin Township in Changhua County were the largest pea cultivation area. Farmers planted peas in paddy fields with its vines creeping above ground. Therefore lower efficacy of pesticides and outbreak of diseases largely decrease the yield of peas. We used integrated control strategies to prove pea health management, such as disease-resistant variety, sex-pheromone trap of noctuids, disease-preventing biopesticides, and new cultivation methods. After enlightenment about pesticide application held since 2011, we improved the amount of pesticide application and problems about pesticide residues on peas. We also cooperated with Fuxing Farmers’ Association to set up a pea production and marketing group, and setting up a health management demonstration area in 2011. This would help promoting area-wide control of noctuids with pheromone traps and biopesticides controlling pea seedling blight and powdery mildew. We sent fact sheets with an approved pesticides list to farmers and help a pea production and marketing group qualified by the government and became the first certified pea G.A.P. group. Their products all meet the standards of pesticide residue testing. Long period of raining had caused high mortality of peas in 2011 and 2012 winter. Farmers using new cultivation method could keep pea survivals and yields. They also saved pesticide cost and blooming 10 days earlier than ever. The amount of insect pests decreased about 20%, with larger, straight and flat pod shape and high ratio of quality products. The yield also increased 54%, which was 3800 kg per hectare and the benefit increased up to 620,000 NT dollars per hectare.