棗之健康管理

Abstract

台灣棗品種多元、栽培技術先進，相關的研究發展居領先地位，運用棗健康管理之生產栽培技術，來生產優質且安全之果品以應消費者所需是棗產業永續發展上重要之課題。為此，本計畫針對棗適栽品種選用、抗病蟲害新種之選育、主幹更新及整枝修剪、開花特性應用及授粉技術改進、疏果技術等進行研發，並建立作業模式以利棗健康管理之應用。化學藥劑對穩定農業生產有很大的貢獻，但因使用不當造成許多的負面影響，如環境污染、害蟲抗藥性產生及農產品農藥殘留等問題。近年來因消費意識高漲，對農產品的安全更加重視，因此，如何生產安全之作物，保障消費者食用之安全，乃最重要的課題。故本文亦針對棗之粉介殼蟲類發生生態，進行調查及利用非農藥之資材如礦物油、窄域油、棕櫚油及葵花油等油劑及稻穀醋液作為防治資材，以整合多項防治方法研擬粉介殼蟲類新式管理策略，以減少農藥殘留問題，保障消費者食用之安全。印度棗的果實品質與產量與合理化施肥有密不可分的關係，自民國97年至101年，分別於諸多印度棗重要產地，如高雄縣大社區、燕巢區、田寮區及屏東縣高樹鄉、里港鄉、鹽埔鄉進行合理化施肥示範點的設置，每個示範點均區隔為合理化施肥區及農民慣行施肥區，合理化施肥區乃經土壤速測後推薦施肥，並與農民慣行施肥區之果實品質與產量進行比較。結果顯示，各示範點之合理化施肥區每公頃三要素肥料量較農民慣用區減少21-50%，施肥成本每公頃節省約1,215-10,600 元，總產值粗收益則每公頃可增加5,439-34,760元，顯示印度棗經營養診斷推薦施肥後，不但可減少施肥量，且果實品質、產量及收益均有提昇情形，另外，屏東縣里港鄉示範點經果園優良草生栽培後，不但使土壤理化性質獲得改善，且對果實品質的提升具正面效益。此外也印行棗健康管理技術專刊及推廣報導等共9種、舉辦印度棗健康管理、棗穩定生產及安全用藥技術等相關之講習會共9場(參加農友約700餘位)、辦理2次蜜棗優質栽培管理果園評鑑等之推廣教育示範觀摩活動，以加速棗健康管理技術之落實。由於在健康管理方面棗之栽培技術諸如抗病蟲害種品種之選育等，仍有改進之空間，因此將持續進行有關之棗關鍵生產技術研發，以利優質安全果品之生產。 Producing the quality and safe jujube to meet the demands of consumers by using the cultural practice in the jujube health management package is one of the important issues for the sustainable development of jujube industry. For jujube health management, the related techniques and models of application such as the using of suitable cultivars, selection of pest-/disease-resistant new varieties through breeding, renewal of main stem, pruning and training, application of flowering behavior and pollination, and fruit thinning have been developed in order to benefit the application of health management in jujube. For years farmers have been using chemical pesticides to control insect pests. It was much effective but caused a lot of side effects such as environmental pollution, pest's resistance and products residue etc. The project is use to non-pesticides material, for example, summer oil and Chinese medicine…etc, For the integration control the Planococcus citri. It can be reduced in the field Pesticides uses can be greatly reduced, and portent the consumer to eat safety. Tree different kinds of oil non-pesticides were screened in the laboratory for the control of this pest and the results showed that most of the mineral oil screened provided good control of the pest. It is recommended that an IPM program integrating screen house facility combined with chemicals and biological control agents be used to effectively control this pest. The quality and yield of jujube were involved in appropriate fertilization. The areas of demonstrate were established in Daser, Yenchou and Tienliao, Kaohsiung, Kaosu, Likand and Yenpu, Pingtung. The demonstrate areas were separated to demonstrate district and farmer’s applying district. The demonstrate district was proceeded by soil-analyzing and fertilizer recommendation. The results showed that the application of fertilizers in demonstrate district were fewer than farmer’s applying district for 21-50%, so the cost were fewer in demonstrate district (N.T.1,215-10,600). On the other hand, the cost of production (N.T. 5,439-34,760) were higher in demonstrate district than farmer’s applying district. This demonstrate was a important clue for the appropriate fertilization of jujube. Besides, a total of 9 extension publications including the technical special book of Jujube Health Management, 9 meeting lectures, training course, field demonstration which had 700 more farmers attended, and 2 orchard contests in jujube health management have been published, conducted and extended to accelerate the implement of health management in jujube. To incorporate into the jujube health management system some key production techniques such as the breeding of pest-/disease-resistant variety are needed to be further developed, improved, and advanced. Hence, more research on these related techniques will be continued to benefit and facilitate the production of high quality and safety jujube in Taiwan.