| dc.description.abstract | 鳳梨病害種類，真菌病害主要有3種，以心腐病、黑腐病、小果腐敗病為主，細菌性病害主要有2種，分別為花樟病及赤色病，另有一為粉介殼蟲傳播的病毒性萎凋病，生理性病害則為＇鳥。病，另有線蟲寄生等，田間植株以萎凋病最嚴重，心腐病危害鳳梨種苗或定植後的幼株，果實採收時，常有花樟病、赤色病、小果腐敗病、黑心病等病害，果實儲運過程則以黑腐病及黑心病（褐斑病）為主要病害種類。目前有關鳳梨病害的防治，以田間管理及2種藥劑防治上述各種鳳梨病害，田間管理包括，施肥使用氮磷鉀三要素，不密植，避免遮蔭，避免發病期採收，向陽坡及排水良好地區種植鳳梨及開花期防治昆蟲危害，避免後期果實受傷，藥劑以80％福賽得及10％普伏松防治心腐病及線蟲。諸多早期篩選出有效藥劑因成分及對人的毒性太大而已被禁用，未來須再朝發展毒性低之新一代藥劑以供鳳梨栽培時病害防治之需。
Till now, for more than 50 years, these diseases are described severe in pineapple cultivation, such as heart rot, black rot (Ceratocys tis rot) and fruitlet core rot or eye rot were caused by fungi; marbled fruit and pink disease, those were separately caused by bacteria Erwinia ananas and E. amaranthi. A severe viral disease of pineapple wilt caused by pineapple wilt virus during 1950 to 1970, and its vector were mealbug (Pseudococcus brevipes(CK11.). The most important physiological disorder in pineapple was black heart, which caused by low temperature before harvest in field or stored pineapple fruits in 6℃ low temperature condition, then raised to room temperature after harvest. Eighteen genus of nematode could infested the root of pineapple caused tumor or rot of root.
These diseases showed severe under different cultivated period of pineapple growing. At first, heart rot caused rot of seedling , then, pineapple after growing in fields, mealbug wilt seemed most severe. While harvesting of pineapple fruit, marbled fruit, pink disease, black heart and eye rot seemed severely. Black rot and black heart became severe at the stage of storage.
Integrated control of pineapple diseases were operated mainly in recent pineapple cultivation. Fertilizers, as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, were used in an optimum ratio. Planting seedling for large distance between each other, alternating harvest period, growing on the slope for sunny etc, those items all included under integrated control methods. Only 80% of fosetyl-Al W.P. and 10% Ethoprop G. were recommented for chemical control of heart rot and nematode.
Many fungicide were screened out for chemical control of pineapple diseases in early 1950. However, those fungicide owing to high toxic or residue were refused and rejected by government. In the future, we need try new fungicide which with low toxic or residue for pineapple disease control. | en_US |
