| dc.description.abstract | 自1945年臺灣光復後，臺灣地區水稻生產隨社會環境之演變，歷經復原期、增產期、輝煌期及轉作期：在每一生產期，主要稻蟲之發生及防治策略，隨稻作之耕作方式以及社會環境資源而變更•在光復後初期，水稻害蟲以三化螟、鐵甲蟲、負泥蟲及飛蝨、葉蟬類為最重要：前兩種在1950年代因合成氯化烴類及有機磷殺蟲劑之廣泛使用，以及水稻栽培時期漸趨整齊而成為潛在害蟲，但卻因農藥的過度使用及水稻品種與耕作方式的改變而引起黑尾葉蟬、二化螟、褐飛蝨、稻心蠅、瘤野螟、稻細蟎以及斑飛蝨等之相繼嚴重發生。褐飛蝨及瘤野螟等長距離遷移性害蟲之發生豐度除受本地蟲害管理方式影響外，更受臺灣臨近地區遷出蟲量所左右。此外，福壽螺以及水稻水象鼻蟲之侵入亦對臺灣水稻生產形成相當程度之衝擊。在水稻害蟲防治，於1950年至1970年代以藥劑防治研究為主，但由於過度依賴藥劑防治而衍生害蟲抗藥性、毒殺天敵及引起害蟲再猖獗等現象。有鑑於此，於1970年代中期逐漸探索減少農藥使用頻度技術，如害蟲取樣技術，經濟危害基準及防治適期之訂定，以及抗蟲品種之培育與應用等，而於1980年代初步建立水稻害蟲綜合防治架構，僅依據經濟危害基準及防治適期，或僅栽植抗蟲品種，即可使藥劑之使用降低一半以上。1990年代更因社會結構改變，稻作漸趨粗放栽培，選擇性農藥相繼問世及主要害蟲發生預測技術之建立，使藥劑之使用更減少，在一季稻作中往往只需施藥1至2次即足以抑制害蟲造成經濟危害。本文回顧臺灣過去50餘年來水稻主要害蟲之發生演變，並探討其可能之原因，以及在這一期間水稻害蟲防治策略之進展。
Since 1945, rice production in Taiwan underwent periods of reconverting, boosting, topmost and declining (or diversion). The most threatening insect pests of rice and their control measures during each period varied greatly according to cultual practices and societal resources. Although the paddy borer (Scirpophaga incertulas (Walker)) rice hispa (Hispa similis Uhmann), rice Ieafbeetle (Oulema orae (Kuwayama)) as well as plant and leafhoppers were the most threatening before 1950, the population of the former two species declined to negligible levels due to a uniform planting period and wide use of insecticides. Changes in cultural practices, such as heavier fertilizer, closer planting and intensive use of insecticides, although markedly increasing grain yield of rice, it successively induced the problem of the stem borer (Chilo suppressalis (Walker)), rice green leathoppers (Nephotetuix spp.), brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)), whorl maggot (Hydrellia philijpina Ferino), rice leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Gueree)), rice tarsonemid mite (Steneotarsonemus spinki Smiley) and smaller brown planthoppers (Laodelphax striatellus (Fallen)). Among those, the abundance of brown planthopper and rice leaffolder, commonly known as long-distance migratory insect pests, were also seriously affected by their migration from overseas neighboring rice areas. In addition, the apple snail (Pomacea canalicu!ata (Lamarck)) and the rice water weevil (Lissorhoptrus oyzophi1us Kuschel) which invaded Taiwan in 1982 and 1990, respectively, impacted rice production to a certain extent. To combat these insect pests, most investigations from 1950 to 1970 focused on the effeciency of chemical control. Over use of insecticides resulted in resistance and resurgence of insect pests. Therefore, a series of studies have been conducted since 1970 to initiate integrated insect pest management approach, including varietal resistance, sampling technigues, economic threshold, timing of chemical application and forecasting of major insect pests. Consequently, insecticide applications declined over 50% either owing to economic threshold and timing, or cultivated rice resistance to major insect pests. Insecticide applications further declined to 1 or 2 times in a cropping season in 1990’s due to enhanced stability of the crop environment. The article describes not only possible factors causing a change of major rice insect pests up and down, but also the progress in control measures for these insect pests since 1945 in Taiwan. | en_US |
