台灣新興果樹選育及展望

Abstract

台灣原生果樹種類數量有限，可供為果實利用者更少，現有重要水果多為早年先民分別自中國大陸、東南亞國家及中南美國家直接或間接引進，經多年之研發而有今日台灣水果之名聲。雖然如此，台灣水果生產仍有不少問題，尤其盛產低價更造成農民、消費者及政府三方均蒙受損失及受害，使近年來各類水果栽培面積及台灣水果總面積均逐漸減少。創新為產業發展之動力，此時新水果種類之增加將可分擔盛產低價之壓力，且能提升農民收益，新果樹引進、開發及推廣可說為果樹產業發展之動力。 台灣新水果種類之引進、開發及利用已有多年之歷史，光復之後，多次之引種促成現在水果產業之蓬勃發展，在行政院農委會農業試驗所及嘉義分所、鳳山分所之主導下，蒐集有豐富之果樹資源，近十餘年，因各地區之需求，其他農業改良場及大學校院亦參與開發，加上開放觀光後，國民外出旅遊帶回之種苗，使新果樹種類日益增加，且面積漸增，仙人掌紅龍果為極佳之範例。 近二十年來，自國外引進新興果樹種苗及種子者極為普遍，經多年評估，具有生產潛力者可適量生產者為：紅龍果、黃晶果、星蘋果、小波羅蜜（榴槤蜜）、巴西櫻桃、白柿、紅毛丹、山荔枝、蘋婆及黃皮，可少量生產者為黑柿、太平洋榅桲。此類果樹，不少已選有優良品系者，其他果樹如鳳果、榴槤、蘭撒果、楊桃等果樹亦有不少試作及優良株系，但因生育期長，未來發展仍待觀察。馬米果、綠柿、蜜果、可可、黃龍及甜香百香果等果樹仍待擴大種原蒐集。 Innovation including exploitation of new fruit crops, promotes the development of industry. Introduction and exploitation of new fruit crops has significantly improved and will also continuously promote fruit industry in Taiwan. The collections and conservation of fruit resources reflect the power of a country as well. Few native fruit species was found in Taiwan before, most of important fruit crops were introduced abroad. Fruit production plays important role more than rice, vegetable and other crops and accounted for 36.75% of agricultural products in Taiwan in 2009. However, overproduction, increase of cost and pests has caused the decrease of fruit production area in past 2 decades. Development of new fruit crop is one of the solutions to improve fruit industry in Taiwan. Fruit resources conservation and research have been conducted in Taiwan mainly locates at Agricultural Research Institute and its two branch stations. However, some important fruit crops are duplicated conserved and studied at other stations and universities including National Pingtung University of Science and Technology. Private company and farmers are also involved due to expanding tours abroad. Introduction and development of pitaya (dragon fruit) is one successful example of exploitation of new fruits. The studies in past 2 decades at NPUST indicate that chempedak, wampee, pulasan, Brazil cherry, star apple, white sapote, black sapote and mamee sapote are potential new fruit crops in Taiwan. Among them, potential clones are selected in chempedak, wampee, pulasan, Brazil cherry, star apple and abiu.