臺灣南部地區空氣品質之週年變化及其對園藝作物之影響

Abstract

台灣南部空氣污染已經對園藝作物的生產造成嚴重的影響。依污染源的類型常可分爲異常性污染源（區域性小污染）及全面性污染，前者與大氣品質關係較少，常由工廠因意外而造成短時間大量污染外洩而影響當地小面積的作物生產，如仁武、大社、林園等地的多次公害事件馬之。全面性污染與氣象關係密切，主要污染源爲二次污源，或稱光化污染物，本省主要的光化污染物南部地區有臭氧(O3)及過氧硝酸乙醯酯(PAN)在果樹、蔬菜及花卉等作物上皆可看到此類污染物所造成的病徵或所造成的問接影響。 以屏東、高雄二地爲例，經過二年的調査、空氣品質較佳的爲每年的六月、七月及八月，空氣品質較差的季節則視不同地區而異，夏季轉秋季時，東北季風漸 強，屏東平原及中央山脈山腳沿線，空氣品質劣於高雄各地，冬季轉春季時，2月以前，屏東縣新埤及枋寮等地空氣品質最劣，進入春季，西南季風漸強，屏東縣内陸地區及高雄縣山區不良空氣品質指數增加。 園藝作物的影響常受到上述不良的空氣品質所影響，多種作物如胡瓜、香瓜、花卉類，蔬菜的小葉菜類，芫荽、菾菜，果樹類的番石榴果實或印度棗果實表面皆可看到由二次污染源所造成的病徵。二次污染源並可能引起多種果樹的營養缺乏，特別是鈣質缺乏，仍須進一步探討其對果樹生產的眞正影響。 Up to date, serious effect which caused by air pollutants on horticul¬tural crops were occurred in southern Taiwan. There were 2 groups of air pollutants : one was accident of industrial operation，such as SOx, HF，HC1 or Cl2 etc. These were sources or materials for industry process. Besides, photochemical pollutants such as ozone (03) and peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) as another kind of air pollutant. Photochemical pollutants had a very important effect on horticulture. A survey of tropical fruits, vegetables and ornamental crops found many crops were infected and shown 03 or PAN symptoms. A two year round survey found good qualities of air in southern Taiwan was from June till August. While from summer to autumn, the dry monsoon from North-East caused poor quality of air in Pingtung area, in that period, Kaohsiung’s air quality was better than Pingtung prefecture. When weather became wet, wet monsoon enforced wind to mountain area of southern Taiwan and caused poor air quality on those areas. Many horticultural crops affected by poor air quality such as cucumber, muskmelon, flowers and vegetables. Fruit trees also affect and show symptoms on fruits as guava and Indain jujube. Photochemical pollutants might be cause plant mineral deficiency as calcium deficiency and showed symptoms and caused epidemically. These facts need more studies in the future.