台灣水稻害蟲綜合管理研究之回顧與展望

Abstract

害蟲綜合管理是一種以生態為基礎，以經濟為目的的一種管理策略，主張儘量利用耕作手段及生物與物理之環境阻力，降低害蟲的蟲源及其定棲後族群之增殖率，以抑制害蟲密度於可能造成經濟損失的基準之下，當害蟲密度超越所訂的容許界限時再適時使用適當的葯劑加以抑制。建構此一管理體系除需具備深厚害蟲生態基礎外，並需考慮資源的取得、社會的需求、農友的配合及政府推行的決心，才能落實。本文僅就台灣過去水稻主要害蟲之變遷，經濟危害基準及防治適期的釐定，各種可供抑制害蟲的防治技術，以及害蟲綜合管理實施架構的研究加以綜述，並展望未來發展及落實應用之建議，以供同道參考。害蟲綜合管理的內涵，可隨水稻害蟲的演變、資源的取得以及技術的提升而改變、充實，但最重要的是要整合作物育種、栽培管理、病、蟲、草害的植保人員以及推廣人員，從生態、經濟、及社會的需求面，釐定一套明確、簡單而易行的操作流程，才可能為農民所接受，落實於田間應用。 Insect pest is one of important limitative factor to rice production in Taiwan. This paper reviews the change of rice insect pest status and basing on the ecological characteristics and economic threshold of pests to develop 1PM systems in Taiwan during past 30 years. Basically, it was observed that the infestation of rice insect pest could be successfully suppressed either by reducing the initial population with cultural practices and / or enhancing the biological and physical resistance of the pests to reduce their growth rate after they invaded paddy fields. In the years of 1960 to 1980, the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens was a most destructive insect pest, the BPH resistant varieties combination with judicious application of selective or shorter effective insecticides at the booting stage of rice was suggested for controlling the rice insect pests after heading stage. Lately, the damage caused by BPH reduced greatly due to lower immigration, while the infestation caused by the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis and white backed planthopper, Sogatella fucifera increased remarkably. These two species as well as some other species of insect pests, such as whorl maggot, Hydrellia philippina and rice water weevil, Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus infested severely on rice in early stage of rice sporadically. In this case, the nursery tray treatment was recommended for control of the initial insect pests, and the need of latter application at the booting state of rice was determined by the treated area of the nurserytray treatment and the supporting levels of water and fertilizer management by farmers. It was obviously that an primary developed 1PM system in rice was gradually accepted by farmers and implemented in their paddy fields. Further improvement of 1PM system in rice is needed urgently. However, the developed system should be simple, effective and practicable to farmers, and that only can be achieved through a close cooperation with the rice breeder culturist, pathologist and the technological extension rpecialists in consideration from ecological social economics, and cultural practical aspects. In other words, the developed 1PM system should be tailored to fit Taiwanese conditions and it should be easily to be fused into local rice cultivated system.