農地有害蟻類之分類及鑒定技術

Abstract

近來，因為外來螞蟻入侵、環境變遷及台灣農業耕作模式的改變，台灣農地環境中有害螞蟻的問題逐漸由小區域個案問題，逐漸擴展成大面積為害農甚至逐漸成為普遍性的疫情。台灣螞蟻的害蟲地位往往會因於不同環境下，因人們所承受不同的危害程度而有不同的處理態度，有害螞蟻的影響通常會因為有害螞蟻發生地方而分為人為生態環境或都市生態環境(urban ecosystem) 的有害螞蟻與農業生態環境 (agroecosystem) 中的有害螞蟻，而有不同的感受與之後的防治作為。目前於台灣農業生態環境中有18 種常見有害螞蟻，其中則以食性廣泛的雜食性家蟻亞科，偏好液態食物的山蟻亞科與琉璃蟻亞科 (Dolichoderinae) 的3 個亞科為主。台灣農地中常見有害螞蟻可以依危害程度情況不同分為幾類型，直接造成農作物損失危害或間接危害農作的汙染農產品或與害蟲共生；及非對農作上的危害，如有害螞蟻直接螫咬農事人員、騷擾農事作業或造成農事設備的損壞等。 Recently, due to the invasion of alien ants, environmental changes and changes of Taiwan’s agricultural farming patterns, the problem of pest ants in agricultural land has gradually escalated from a small-area individual case problem to a large-scale damage to agriculture sector, and even gradually have become a general epidemic. The pest status of ants in Taiwan always depends on the environment or location of pest outbreak, where people having different attitude in dealing with pest problems due to the different degrees of damage incurred. According to the location of pest outbreaks, pest ants usually can be divided into pest ants occurred in urban ecosystem and pest ants occurred in agroecosystem, which can lead to different tolerance levels and subsequent control actions. Currently, there are 18 common species of pest ants in Taiwan’s agricultural ecological environment, and majority of species belong to the three subfamilies, i.e., Myrmicinae (omnivorous), Formicinae and Dolichoderinae (preferred liquid food). Pest ants commonly found in agricultural land in Taiwan can be divided into several types according to their degree of damage, i.e., directly causing damage to crops or indirectly causing damage to crops (e.g., polluting agricultural products) or coexisting with other pests; didn’t cause damage to crops itself, such as directly biting agricultural personnel, interfering agricultural operations or causing damage to agricultural equipment, etc.