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  3. 應用動物組
Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: https://scholars.tari.gov.tw/handle/123456789/19137
Title: 直脈癭蠅生態之觀察
Other Titles: Observations on the Henria sp. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae)
Authors: 林珪瑞 
倪秋華
Kwei-Shui Lin 
Chiu-hwa Ni
Issue Date: Dec-1976
Publisher: 國立中興大學
Related Publication(s): 中華農業研究 v.27(1):12~27
Start page/Pages: 331-348
Source: 臺灣區第五屆洋菇學術討論會報告(民國61~64年期) 
Abstract: 
直脈癭蠅(Henria sp.)爲近年來發生於洋菇(Agaricus brunnescens)栽培床,爲害菌絲及菇體,因而影響製罐原料洋菇之品質。茲就近兩年來室內飼育試驗觀察所得,及菇舍調查結果,整理摘述如下:
1.直脈癭蠅屬於Heteropezinae亞科,幼蟲體色淡黃,體軀略粗短,生活習性可分爲有性生世代及幼體生殖世代(Paedogenetic generation),在食料充足,環境適宜幼蟲均以幼體生殖繁殖後代;但若食料缺乏或環境不適時,則能以母幼蟲呈休眠,故稱爲休眠性母幼蟲(Dormant mother larvae)。成蟲羽化似有受季節限制,室內飼育者以5月份最多,6月份次之。菇舍中則於洋菇栽培結束後之4月間,短暫的大量發生成蟲,在洋菇栽培期間尚無成蟲發現。
2.幼蟲食料除洋菇菌絲外,以綠黴菌絲(Trichoderma viride)飼育者,其幼體生殖世代之時間及幼體生殖小幼蟲數量,均較以洋菇菌絲飼養者爲短而多。此外,幼蟲在放射菌Micromonospora sp.(A4)及Actinomyces(B4)上飼養,發現幼蟲不能生長增殖。而在黑鎚菌(Humicola spp.)及念珠菌(Torula thermophila及Torula sp.)之菌絲上飼育時,幼蟲雖可生活增殖,但以前者之幼蟲生殖數量顯較後者爲少。在高溫菇(Agaricus bitorquis)菌絲則不能生活。
3.幼蟲在各優良洋菇品系之幼體生殖世代時間及母幼蟲之生殖數量各有不同(在15-(17.9)-21℃),其中以品系547爲最長及最少(38-(45.3)-74天)及(1-(2.4)-6隻),其利鳥品系554(32-(40.0)-61天)及(l-(4.2)-9隻);而品系531則幼體生殖世代最短而生產數量最多(28-(33.6)-41天)及(3-(8.4)-15隻)。在相同之溫度環境以綠黴菌飼育者,則其幼體生殖世代最短(31-(32.8)-35天),母幼蟲生殖數量亦最多(31-(50.9)-61隻),母幼蟲之體長亦最大(2.7-(3.0)-3.7mm)。由此可知其幼蟲在雜菌較洋菇菌絲上生長爲良好。
4.幼蟲在低溫(10±2℃)經2個月,有部分(約35%)始能長成爲母幼蟲,經3個月全部均可成爲母幼蟲,經7個月約有30%已死亡。休眠母幼蟲在低溫時,經1個月後約僅10%能生存。
5.在試管以綠黴菌絲斜面培養幼蟲,距接蟲1.5~2個月後,幼蟲數量增加,似由於食料漸缺,且培養基漸乾,即有部分母幼蟲呈休眠。
6.休眠母幼蟲在室溫乾燥之環境下,經4個月,尚有約20%能維持生命。
7.幼蟲及休眠母幼蟲在45℃處理6小時,即全部死亡,故堆肥後醱酵之溫度達到標準將幼蟲及休眠母幼蟲殺死。
8.幼蟲在各菇舍所佔癭蠅幼蟲之比率,因菇舍而異,約自0~26%左右,時常與粗緣癭蠅幼蟲同時發生爲害。
9.幼蟲在洋菇體棲息部位,在菇體外者約佔16%,潛入菇體內者竟達84%,故在製造洋菇罐頭時,無法將菇體中之幼蟲用水冲去。
臺灣洋菇(Agaricus, brunnescens)自推廣栽培後,成績甚爲理想,繼而發展製罐外銷,逐漸在國際洋菇市場上取代其他國家,至目前已佔世界洋菇罐頭輸出國家之首位,每年爲國家爭取外匯美金達五千萬元以上,爲農村經濟帶來繁榮。
臺灣栽培洋菇,自較原始方法之普通稻草菇舍,進而以較科學之塑膠菇舍,故全省單位面積(坪)產量由10餘公斤增加至30餘公斤。主要爲塑膠菇舍栽培洋菇採用堆肥後醱酵處理,由於堆肥中原有較複雜微生物之存在,將有礙洋菇菌絲生長發育,經加溫在各階段處理後,能將堆肥中有不適合洋鋸菌絲生長之氨態氮轉變爲可供洋菇菌絲吸收,並助長發育,且由溫度處理又可抑制諸多病菌及害蟲之生存及爲害。因此,由極複雜而不甚適合洋菇菌絲生長環境,改變爲較單純而有利菌絲生長,故能普遍提高產量與品質。菇農不但視洋菇爲農閒期間收益較豐之作物,並且堆肥可供肥田,在此多種利益情況下,菇農樂意栽培洋菇。
近來美國及加拿大地區需要洋菇罐頭數量大幅增加,該地區對國外進口菇罐均實施衛生檢驗,尤對菇罐含蟲數量更爲嚴格,故本省菇罐若要在該地區爭取進口數量,應對菇罐原料洋菇之品質待加控制。菇罐中所含害蟲,絕大部分以癭蠅幼蟲爲主,因幼蟲潛入菇體內,於製造罐頭時無法除去,其他害蟲如跳蟲及小菇蟎等害蟲,都可在製造罐頭過程中,利用水洗沖去,不成問題。
臺灣洋菇舍中發生之痿蠅約有8種,以嚴重性言之,粗綠癭蠅幼蟲(Heteropeza pygmaea Winnertz)潛入菇體內所佔比率最高,其次爲直脈癭蠅幼蟲(以上兩種幼蟲大部潛入菇體內),再次爲菇痿蠅(Mycophila speyeri (Barnes))(幼蟲大部在菇體外),其他尚有捕食性之圍眼癭蠅幼蟲(Colpodia sp.),以及食性未明之三眼癭蠅、黑毛癭蠅、長角癭蠅、短角癭蠅等。爲求提高菇罐原料品質,必先探明各種癭蠅之習性,以提供預防及驅除之依據。玆將近二年來在室內或菇舍中之直脈癭蠅飼養觀察調查菇果整理報告,以供關心臺灣洋菇原料品質問題者之參考。
Results of the 2-year observations in the laboratory and under field conditions are summarized as follows:
1. The larvae are yellow, fairly robust and paedogenetic when the food is abundant and the microclimate is appropriate. Under unfavorable conditions they reproduce sexually and generally adults appear only in April or May.
2. The larvae can develop more readily and reproduce more prefusely on Trichoderma viride than on the Agaricus brunnescens, and less so on Humicola spp. and Torula spp. They cannot develop and reproduce on Micromonospora sp., Actinom yces sp. and Agaricus bitorquis.
3. The rate of development and paedogenetic reproduction of the larvae varies with different strains of the Agaricus brunnescens. Under the temperature of 15-20℃, it is lowest for strain 547 and highest for strain 554. On the former strain, the completion of each paedogenetic generation requires 38-74 (av. 45.3 ) days while each mother larva reproduces 1-6 (av. 2.4) daughter larvae; on the latter strain, 32-61 (av. 40.0) days and 1-9 (av. 4.2) daughter larvae; and on Trichoderma viride, 28-41 (av. 33.6) days and 31-61 (av. 50.9) daughter larvae.
4. Under low temperature(10±2℃) , about 35% and 100% of the larvae develop into mother larvae before the end of the 2nd and 3rd months, respectively. Under the same temperature, the mortality of the dormant mother larvae is about 90% in the 1st month.
5. After being reared for 11-2 months on slanting culture media in test tubes, the number of dormant mother larvae gradually increase in proportion and their body-size becomes smaller and smaller.
6. Under dry conditions, about 20% of the dormant mother larvae may survive at the end of the 4th month.
7. All ordinary larvae as well as dormant mother larvae will die of 6 hours' 45℃ treatment, none of them would therefore survive during the peak heat of the compost used for mushroom cultivation.
8. The larvae are often less (0-26%) found in association with those of Heteropeza pygmaea in the polyethylene tents.
9. About 84% of the larvae mine into the tissues of the mushroom and cannot be cleaned away by washing during the canning processes.
URI: https://scholars.tari.gov.tw/handle/123456789/19137
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