台灣產田薯之新品種及其同功異構酶之研究

Abstract

薯蕷為山藥之古名，首載於神農本草經，自古即為習用之補養藥，歷代諸家本草及方書都有很詳細的記載。從歷代本草所記載之效能予歸納分析，可分別為：滋補養益、健脾止瀉、滋腎強陰、固精止頻尿、益肺止咳、久服聽耳明目不饑延年、除寒熱邪氣、消瘡腫、止帶、治消渴等。 台灣產山藥藥材之來源，主要有三種：(1)田薯Dioscorea alata L., (2)恆春薯蕷Dioscorea doryophora Hance, (3) 山藥薯Dioscorea benthamii Prainet Burkill。 對於田薯，植物分類文獻只記載有田薯D. alata L.及其變種紫田薯D. alata var. purpurea (Roxb.) M. Pouch，共二種。但根據我們卅年來之採集、調查，對於D. alata之變種(Varieties)、品系(Forma)及栽培變種(Culture Varieties)有22種之多。對此一系列尚未發表之新品種，依其擔根體之不同特徵，可分為(l)皮下白肉白，(2)皮下紅肉紅及(3)皮下紅肉白等三系。 對此新品種，從其莖葉、零餘子、塊莖之外觀形態、內部切斷面等都有很顯著的不同，甚莖葉之同功酶電泳，都有明顥的差異。各種不同品種，在栽培採收之收穫量、市場銷售、經濟效益，都有很大的差別，本研究探研此三系各種品種及其同功酶之差別。 Yam (Dioscorea spp.) is a very important pharmaceutical plant not only in the traditional Chinese medicine but also in the modern science. It is a important agricultural food and one of the starting material for the synthesis of medicinal steroids. There are more than three hundred papers included chemical, botany, pharmacognosy, pharmacolog and culture have been published. The ancient Chinese medicinal books had many precious records for Dioscorea Rhizophora, but there are very rare research done in this classic field. Shu-Yu (薯蕷) was the ancient name before Tung dynasty (唐代), Shan-Yao (山藥) is the common name. In Pentsao, the medicinal uses of Dioscorea Rhizophora are divided into (1) nourishment and supplement, (2) to invigorate both spleen and stomach, and cure diarrhea, (3)to reinforce the kidney, to strength the essence of Yin, to stop nocturnal emission and to cure frequent urination, (4) to benefit the lung and relieve cough, (5) to improve visual and auditory acuity, benefit the spirits, and prolong life, after long term use, (6) to cure carbuncles, scabies and abscesses, (7) to cure leukorrhagia, and (8) diabetes. There are more than 600 species of Dioscorea in the world, 93 species 9 varieties in China, and 14 species 5 varieties in Taiwan. The main original plant of Shan-Yao in Taiwan are Dioscorea alata L., Dioscorea doryophora Hance and Dioscorea benthamii Pram et Burkil. According to our research, we fing there are 22 new varieties of Dioscorea alata L. which included formas and culture varieties. The different comparision for its stem, leave, rhizoma (rhizophora) and electrophoretic pattern of isozymes are discussed.