柑橘潰瘍病的現況

Journal
農業試驗所特刊第27號
Part Of
農業試驗所特刊第27號
Pages
200-211
Date Issued
1989-12
Date
1989-12
Author(s)
吳文川
Wu Well-chuan
URI
Abstract
柑橘潰瘍病，在亞洲、太平洋及印度洋諸島、剛果、葉門、美國、墨西哥、巴西、烏拉圭、巴拉圭、阿根廷等地區、國家所栽植的葡萄柚、萊姆、根殼、甜橙、檸檬、酸橙、柚子、文旦等柑橘類，為害葉片、枝條及果實；病害嚴重時，葉片大量脫落，使樹勢衰弱，罹病果實不單外觀難看，使其市場價格降低，其成份也起糖分減少、檸檬酸增加、維生素C減少、蛋白質稍增加、酚類增加等變化。柑橘潰瘍病菌(Xanthomonas campestrit pv. Citri)係一種黃色、革蘭氏陰性、具單極生鞭毛的單細胞細菌，皆為好氣性，生長最高侃度為38℃，鼓低侃度為10℃，而最適溫度為25˚-30℃；皆其有潛溶性，可放出溫和噬菌體，有的噬菌體潛溶其寄主時，則引起遺傳特性的變換或突變；部份菌株含有質體；皆能被安收多、久保丹、銅台浦、大生M-22、果菜多、安達菌等農藥完全抑制其生長，對快得寧、大生M-45、萬安水粉、鏈黴素、四環黴素、嘉錫銅、亞銷銅、護粒丹、鎳乃浦、免賴得、多保淨等雖也顯示感受性，但是其甲之部份菌株則出現抗性；在病斑內，能產生類似植物防禦素物質，也能產生類似細菌素物質，對細菌本身及其他病原菌顯示有活性。柑橘潰瘍病菌，依其病原性之不同，可區分為五個病原型；A病原型，分佈於日本及其他地區，對葡萄袖、甜橙、檸檬、墨西哥萊姆為害最強；B病原型，分佈於阿根廷、巴拉圭、烏拉圭，對檸檬墨西哥萊姆具強病原性；C病原型，分佈於巴西，對墨西哥萊姆具強病性；D病原型，分佈於墨西哥，僅在墨西哥萊姆葉片上形成病斑；而E病原型，分佈於美國佛羅里達州，在葡萄柚、甜橙、根殼等葉片、果實上形成扁平水浸狀病斑。布甘橘潰瘍病菌，主要在柑橘葉片、枝條上的老病斑週圍部位的柑橘組織內殘存，在土壤中、柑橘落葉、落果上的病患部位內、以及柑橘根部、柑橘樹下雜草也會存在；春季氣溫在15℃以上時，此等細菌迅速繁殖，下雨時，沖散再靠雨滴及風飛散到幼葉、嫩枝、幼果上，由氣孔或傷口侵入；潰瘍病發生於14-36℃，最適溫度是20-30℃；春季感染後，在其病斑上繁殖的病原細菌，受風雨的幫助，尤其是颱風後，再感染果實及夏秋枝梢。種植無病幼苗、種植防風林、剪除發病枝葉、育成健康柑橘樹、清除雜草、防治潛葉蛾及交替撒佈4-4式波雨多液和久保丹或銅台浦等措施，可逐漸減少柑橘園內病原細菌的密度，而達到防治本病的發生。 Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas cam pestris pv. curl has occurred in Japan, Korea, China, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Guam, Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands, Indonesia, Vietnam, Cambodia, Thiland, Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Nepal, Afghanistan, Kongo, Seychelles Islands, Comoro Island, Madagascar, Reunio Islands, The United Steates of America, Mexico, Brazil, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina and Yemen. In Taiwan it occurs widely throughout the island on grapefruit,: liucheng, lemon, tankan, ponkan and pummelos, as well as other citrus species cultivated experimentally or in limited areas. The infected fruits result in reduction in contents of sugars, vitamin C and pectic acid, but increase in protein, citric acid and phenols, thus reducing their commercial values remarkably. The pathogenic bacterium is a short rod with a polar flagellum and lysogenic, capable of releasing temperate phages, but varies among its strains in colony morphology, cclii size, capsule formation, catalase, gelatin liquefaction, nitrate reduction, carbohydrate utilization, growth rate, tolerance to 3% NaC1, nutritional requirement, sensitivity to phages and agrochemicals and existence of plasmids. Some strains of this bacterium, when lysogenized: with phages PXC7 and Cf 16, undergo conversion and mutation, respectively. The bacterium survives mainly in soil, on grasses and in margins of the diseased citrus leaves, twigs and fruits, where it may be infected by Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, Pseudomonas sp., Erwinia herbi cola, Bacillus subtilis or a species of protozoa. Strains of this bacterium can be grouped into 5 pathotypes; pathotype A distributes in Japan and other countries and is most aggressive on grapefruit, sweet orange, lemon and Mexican lime; pathotype B occurs in Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay and is strongly pathogenic on Jemon and Mexican lime; pathotype C occurs in Brazil and is pathogenic on Mexican lime; pathotype D occurs in Mexico and produces symptoms on leaves of Mexican lime; pathotype E occurs in Florida, U. S. A. andproduces sunken and water-soaked symptoms on the leaves, twigs and fruits of grapefruit, sweet orange and trifoliate orange. The bacterium invades through stomata or wounds on the young leaves, twigs or fruits and develops canker lesions at temperature above 15℃; high humidity, rainfall, typhoon and temperature ranging from 20-35℃ provide optimum conditions for the canker development. The disease can be controlled by planting canker-free citrus seedlings, planting wind-break trees, bringing up health citrus trees, eliminating infected leaves, twigs and fruits, exterminating weeds and leaf miners and, ifnecessary, spraying Bordeaux mixture (4-4g/lt) alternatively with cuprosan 311 SD (72.5% W. P., 500-fold diluted) or macuprax (80% W.P., 500-fold diluted) at 3-week intervals from April until 2 or 3 weeks before harvest.
Event(s)
柑橘試驗研究成果專題研討會
Proceeding of a Symposium on the Researches and Development of Citrus in Taiwan
Subjects
柑橘潰瘍病
病徵
分佈
感病品種
經濟重要性
柑橘潰瘍病菌
殘存
感染
發病
防治
citrus canker
Symptom
Xanthomonas campestris pv. Citri
distribution
susceptible variety
quality of the infected fruit
survival
infection
canker development
control
Present Situation of Citrus Canker
Publisher
臺灣省農業試驗所
Type
conference paper
File(s)
Loading...
Thumbnail Image
Name

publication_no27-31.pdf

Size

1.42 MB

Format

Adobe PDF

Checksum

(MD5):40da6e74eb595c8fabadb28c8276a256