發展臺灣切花外銷之過去與現在

Abstract

臺灣為位於太平洋西邊緣，面積約有三萬六千平方公里的海島。北回歸線通過中間部位，呈海洋性亞熱帶氣候。北部和中南部的氣候變化不同，北部雨量分佈，秋冬季雖較多，全年尚稱平均，中南部則呈冬乾夏濕的情形。由於中南部秋冬季乾燥而冷凍，灌機系統發達，成為發展花卉良好的產地。依農林廳的統計，在1973-1981年之間花卉栽培面積增加一倍，達1,672公頃，其中以栽培菊花最多，次為唐菖蒲。這些切花近年來均外銷日本等國家，以日本而言，臺灣的切花每年約佔日本進口切花的40%以上，價值六千多萬元。這些外銷切花為近幾年來花農和學者，政府有關機關的共同努力之下，所獲得的成果。 菊花栽培從扦插方法，採穗母株的管理，不同氮素形態和鉀施用濃度等營養，以及再電照等方法上，曾做探討。對改善包裝，運輸方法等也說明改善方向。唐菖蒲重於新品種的引進和微體繁殖。玫瑰則更新品種之外，修剪方式的改善和保鮮劑的利用也都有研究成果。晚香玉球根可用乾燥等方法，促進開花，如用人工30℃乾燥45天的方法效果良好。晚香玉切花運輸上，如用8℃冷藏，再在包裝內放置乙你吸收劑，對延長瓶插壽命的效果很好。星辰花為新興花卉，夏季利用高冷地育苗，秋季移到平地栽培，可提早開花，提高切花價值。切花用非洲菊亦為新興花卉，一般使用種子繁殖的植株，切花吸水性不良。宜須選拔吸水性良好，抽花率高的植株，加以無性繁殖。但通常無性繁殖較慢，可使用花梗為材料，做組織培養，大量提洪優良切花品質的營養系種苗，促進銷售。對今後之發展提供五點建議。 The place of location, main topographic character, soils and climate of Taiwan were described in detail. The production of ornamental plants from 1973 to 1981 in Taiwan were compared for each cut flower from the- data of Taiwan Agricultural Yearbook 1982. And the amount of cut flowers exported to Japan were discussed from the data of Japanese customhouse statistical table. Chrysanthemum is the most important export cut flower in Taiwan. The cutting methods, apt temperatures and mineral nutrition of mother stocks, various N-form, nitrogen and potassium levels, re-illumination methods and improvement of shipping method of chrysanthemum were mentioned. Gladiolus is the secondary important cut flower. The new varieties and micro-propagation through tissue culture were made. Rose culture is rather difficult under climate of Taiwan. The selection of new varieties, Ethrel treatment before pruning to promote new shoots for flowers and using floral preservatives to improve shipping condition were made. Tuberose grows suitably in Taiwan. The dry and high temperature treatment of tubers were very useful for promote flowering. The floral preservatives, ethylene absorbent and precooling at 8℃ in polyethylene bag were very useful to improve shipping condition. Statice is a new cut flower in Taiwan, the low temperatures in the highlands are favorable for their growth, and the winter condition in the lowlands promote their flowering. The future developments are discussed from five points.