臺灣地區空氣品質及防制策略之研析

Abstract

台灣地區地狹人稠，污染源密集，人口總數已達20,752,494人，機動車輛登記總數達13,870,077輛，工廠登記數達94,673家，空氣污染排放總量（八十年）為：總懸浮微粒1,142,185噸／年（懸浮微粒609,570噸／年），硫氧化物588,474噸／年，氮氧化物596,637噸／年，一氧化碳2,306,126噸／年，總碳氫化合物（不含生物源）916,665噸／年（非甲院碳氫化合物874,617噸／年），鉛631噸／年。八十一年全年空氣污染指標(PSI)超過100之日數占總測定日數之11.32%，雖較前一年改善，但與美國（1989年）之1.34％相比較，顯示台灣地區之空氣品質仍待改善。 現階段空氣污染防制之策略／措施，為改善舊污染源與預防新污染源產生，同步並進。同時，配合新修正之空氣污染防制法，環保署推動之各項改善空氣品質新措施有：一、積極性空氣品質管理策略，由各縣市研訂空氣品質維護或改善計畫，據以執行。二、預防性許可制，規定固定污染源設置，變更或操作前，須先取得許可証。三、管理性污染源自行檢驗及紀錄申報制度，以掌握污染狀況。四、整體性車輛污染防制措施，建立新車型審驗、新車抽驗及使用中車定期檢驗制度，若裝置或設計不良，廠商應收回改正。 Taiwan is small in area but dense in population, and is further concentrated with too many pollution sources. The total number of population has reached 20,752494 . Total registered number of motored vehicles has reached 13,870,077 : registered number of factories are 94,673. Total emission of air pollutants in 1991 was as follows: total suspended particulates 1,142)185 tons/year (PM 10 609,570 tons/year); sulfur oxides 588,474 tons/year; nitorgen oxides 596,637 tons/year; carbon monoxides 2,306 tons/year; total hydrocarbons (excluding sources of organisms) 916,665 tons/year; non-methane hydrocarbons 874,617 tons/year; lead 631 tons/year. Even though, the number of days with PSI exceeding 100 in 1992 (accounted for 11.32% of total number of monitored days) was less than 1991, but in comparison with the 1.34% (1989) of the United states, it is clearly shown that Taiwan’s air quality needs to be greatly improved. At present, the air pollution control strategies and measures are to improve the existing pollution sources and to prevent the generation of new pollution source at the same time. Based on the newly revised Air Pollution control act, the key measures for improving air quality promoted by EPA include the follows : 1. Positive Air Quality Control Strategy: Each Environmental Protection authority at county and city government will stipulate air quality preservation or improvement plan, and implement accordingly. 2. Preventive Permit Systems: It is prescribed that permits must be obtained in advance of the establishment, modification and operation of stationary sources. 3. Self inspecting, monitoring and record declaration systems for designated pollution sources are required, so as to monitor and control of their own emission. 4. Overall vehicles pollution control programs Establishing certification programs of new car models, auditing inspection of new cars : and the periodical inspection system of used cars are also enforced. If its equipment or design is poor, makers and importeres are responsible to recall all cars on market for corrective repair.