臺灣地區農業氣象災害與稻作生產

Abstract

臺灣地區稻作生產中常發生的農業氣象災害有風害、雨害、旱害、及寒害等四種，近二十年中累積損失金額超過一百億元。惟受季風方向與地形的影響，臺灣各地區罹受此四種災害的機率並不完全相同，具有顯著的地域性及季節性差異。易遭受風害的區域有臺北．、桃園、臺中、彰化、雲林《嘉義、高雄、宜蘭等地區；易遭受雨害的區域有彰化、雲林、嘉義、宜蘭等地區；易遭受旱害的區域有苗栗、雲林、宜蘭、臺東等地區；易遭受寒害的區域有臺中、雲林、宜蘭等地區。由於耕地面積有限，各地稻作栽培期間的選擇常無法顧及氣候上的安全性，因此需開發各式保護措施，改變農田局地微氣候環境，減少異常天氣對作物之影響程度。在各種有關稻作生產農業氣象災害的防護措施中，尤應加強有關防風林帶的規劃和設置，以及有關水田土壤滲漏速度之改良等長期性防護措施的研究與推廣工作，因為這些措施不僅可提升水稻田的「生產性機能」，也可增加水稻田在「生態性機能J和「生活性機能」兩方面的貢獻。 Wind (typhoon, salt-spray, and foehn), rain (Mei-Yu and storm), drought, and cold Temperature are four major agrometeorological disasters to rice production in Taiwan. Accumulated total loss during the past twenty years exceeded ten billion NT dollars. As the results of topography and changing direction of monsoon, the probabilities of experiencing damages showed significant differences among locations and seasons. Taipei, Taoyuan, Taichung, Changhwa, Yunlin, Chiayi, Kaohsiung, and Yuan were prefectures experiencing wind damages most. Changhwa, Yunlin, Chiayi, and Yilan were prefectures experiencing rain damages most. Miaoli, Yunlin, Yuan, and Taitung were prefectures experiencing drought damages most. Taichung, Yunlin, and Yilan were prefectures experiencing cold damages most. Due to the extensive use of land, the rice-cropping period in Taiwan usually do not in accordance with the climatically safe period. Therefore, various preventive techniques to modify microenvironment of rice field are needed to reduce the damages by those agrometeorological disasters. Among all the possible measures, establishing windshelters and increasing soil percolation rate worth more emphases because these two measures will make significant contribution not only from the perspective of increasing production but also from the perspective of ecological preservation and living environment improvement.