木黴菌與植物病害防治

Abstract

如何減少化學農藥的使用， 並尋得一無毒性或低污染之化學藥劑替代物，已成為跨世紀各主要開發國家所重視與研發的重點政策。其中生物防治(生物性藥劑使用)策略即為重點項目之一。在應用作物病原拮抗微生物中，除植物生長促進之根圈細菌外；木黴菌屬（ Trichodermab spp.）為其中最常被使用的有益微生物之一；目前各國無不積極加以開發利用。有關生物性農業藥劑種類主要應包括生物性殺菌劑、生物性殺蟲劑、生物性殺草劑及生物性殺線蟲劑等。一般而言，生物性農業藥劑的研發， 雖因生物種類不同而有差異，但基本研發流程則大同小 異。主要研發步驟約可分成三部分，即(一)依防治標的物而篩選出具防病、防害蟲或殺草能力之微生物菌株，(二)大量培養與製劑之開發，及(三)傳輸體系如施用方法及範圍及使用時機等之了解。至於產品開發則需進一步達成毒理試驗與註冊登記，才能正式將之商品化。 Biological control will be an alternative strategy for the control of plant pests given the history of pesticides on developed country in the twenty one century because biopesticides are thought as the natural organisms that are less toxic and pollution than chemical pesticides for the globe ecology. For disease management, Trichoderma spp was usually applied as an important role among biocontrol agents of plant diseases. So far, the biopesticides may mainly include biofungicides, bioinsectcides, and bioherbcides. Generally, the basic requirements of a successful system of biological control of plant pests are (a) an effective biocontrol agent, (b) production and formulation methods that give rise to high yields of biomass consisting of appropriate efficacious propagules of high viability and stability, and (c) delivery systems that provide a conducive milieu and minimize growth of competitive microflora. In addition, the processes of the biopesticides for commercially available still need to complete the field tests, and to pass toxicity tests, and registration by Environmental Protection Agency and Council of Agriculture of Taiwan.