台灣菇類育種現況與展望

Abstract

優良菇類品種的育成乃是促進菇類產業蓬勃發展的推手之一，在菇類品種選育技術中，雜交育種技術最被為廣泛使用。雜交育種主要是利用兩個來自不同親本的擔孢子進行配對組合，或是單核和雙核菌絲進行配對，然後將配對成功之菌株進行試種篩選，過去農業試驗所利用雜交育種方法育成許多菇類新品種，少部分利用誘變劑進行品種選育。然隨著近年來生物技術之進步，國內許多學者利用基因轉殖或配合原生質體技術等方式快速導入目標基因至菇類進行新品種之育成之比例漸增，亦有以菇類做為分子農場，生產疫苗或特定二次代謝產物，作為保健用途。早期菇類育種多以高產及品質優良為目標，為因應全球氣候變遷及未來菇類產業發展，育種目標將以(1)選拔耐熱品種，以減少能源消耗及降低生產成本為目標；(2)選拔菇類生理物質含量高之品種，符合健康的新趨勢；(3) 選育可以分解大量農業廢棄物的品種，減少伐木以保育生態，同時兼顧菇類產業的永續發展。 Mushroom strain is one of the key factors for running a successful mushroom industry. To obtain superior strains, cross-breeding is the most widely used approach. This method of breeding is cross-mating of basidiospores collected from two compatible parents or mating between monokaryons and dikaryons. Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute bred lots of mushroom strains by using crossbreeding and those strains have released for commercial production. However, with the progress of biotechnology in recent years, other techniques such as mutagenesis, protoplast fusion and gene transformation are employed in mushroom breeding as well. Especially, mushrooms can be used as molecular farming for production of vaccines or specific secondary metabolites as a health purpose. In the future development, the researchers will have to meet the challenge of global climate change and shortage of sawdust. In addition to breeding high-yield mushroom strains, breeding objectives will be conducted in 1) selection of mushroom strains tolerant to high temperatures to reduce energy consumption and lower production costs; 2) selection of mushroom strains with high amounts of bioactive compounds for human health; 3) selection of mushroom strains with degrading a lot of varieties of agricultural wastes to reduce the use of sawdust and conserve the ecosystem, resulting in sustainable development of mushroom industry.