蟲媒病害與植物防疫政策

Abstract

由昆蟲媒介的蟲媒作物病害，近年來在臺灣的發生有逐漸加劇之現象，國內此類蟲媒病害之病原菌以病毒與細菌為主，少數為真菌及其他病原菌，又媒介此類病原菌之昆蟲多屬於小型害蟲，包括薊馬、蚜蟲、粉蝨與葉蟬等，其具有世代短、隱匿性高、遷飛能力強及易產生抗藥性等特性。臺灣因地處亞熱帶及熱帶地區，此類媒介昆蟲的族群數量龐大，不僅活動範圍廣且繁殖力強，農民如要同時 防治病害與蟲害，或當媒介昆蟲不是該項作物之主要害物時，蟲害防治容易遭忽略，而未能即時阻斷傳播途徑，均提高蟲媒病害防疫工作之困難度。國內所發生之洋香瓜病毒病、柑桔黃龍病及番茄斑點萎凋病等重大蟲媒病害，均增加農民於農作物生產上之防治成本與風險，甚至造成嚴重疫情，嚴重影響產業及農民收益至鉅。針對此類重大蟲媒病害，防檢局研擬相關疫情管理策略，包括：疫情監測 與組織分工、整合性防治技術開發、組訓農民與示範宣導、種子種苗病害檢查規範訂定、國際疫情資訊蒐集與法規防治等，期能協助農民並強化蟲媒病害防疫體系，除於第一線的檢疫把關外，並與第二線之防疫措施緊密配合，未來更應在現有的基礎與成果上，順應國際趨勢的發展，加強國際疫情資訊蒐集，適時增修訂相關法規，以落實生物安全農業措施，並在健全植物保護體系政策下，強化與各植物保護單位之分工，且縝密規劃作物病害施政重點策略，持續改善各項防疫缺失並提升相關防疫技術，以確保國內生產環境安全及農業之永續發展，維護農產品的衛生安全及消費者的健康。 In recent years,Crop diseases vectored by the insects have gradually become serious in Taiwan. We found that the causing organisms spread via this mechanism were viruses and bacteria mainly, with small proportions of fungi, nematodes and other micro-organisms. Insects which carrying these pathogens are mostly belonged to the group of small insects,such as thrips, aphids,whiteflies and leafhoppers.They shared common characteristics including short generation, strong hiding and flying ability, and easily produced resistant offsprings against pesticides. Taiwan is located between the subtropical and tropical regions, where inhabit a great number of insect vectors characterized being very active and fecund, under such complicated and difficult circumstance, farmers are forced to face both the threat of the diseases and their vectors, when the insect vector is not the major pest of the crop, farmers always ignore the existence of the vectors, hence the insect-borne diseases prevail in certain local areas. For example, currently the local outbreaks of muskmelon virus diseases, citrus huanglongbing, and tomato spotted wilt disease had increased the costs of pest control and the risks on crop production, and even impacted the local agriculture industry. To deal with the issue on the control of major insect-borne diseases, BAPHIQ conduct the management programs including plant pests and diseases monitoring, task assignment, IPM technology development, farmers training and demonstration symposium, seed or seedling disease certification, collection of information on international epidemic situations, and regulations control etc., to assist farmers in crop production, and to strengthen insect-borne disease control system. The efforts of quarantine and plant protection measures should be integrated to tackle the problems. In the future, we should not only base on the existing of foundation and results to shape the plant protection policies that conform to the international trend and standards, but also strengthen the gathering of international epidemic information to timely amend related regulations for implementation of agricultural security. Finally, the sound and complete plant protection system will be established. By thoughtfully planning the priority of policy for management of crop diseases, ongoing improving the problems of epidemic prevention measures and non-stop upgrade of related disease control technology, the goal will be achieved for better ensuring the sustainable development of agriculture and security of domestic agricultural production environment as well as the food safety and the consumer health.