Present Status of Biological Control of Mite Pests in Taiwan
Other Title
臺灣害蟎生物防治之現況
Journal
植物保護學會會刊
Journal Volume
28
Journal Issue
1
Pages
31-39
ISBN
0577-750X
Date Issued
1986-09
Date
1986-09
Author(s)
Paul Kang-Chen Lo
羅幹成
Abstract
There are more than fifty species of spider mites have been recorded in Taiwan. The following species are considered the major pests on their host plants, i. e. citrus red spider mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), citrus rust mite. Phyllocoptrula olcisore Ashmead on citrus; two-spotted spider mite, Telranychus urticae (Koch) on deciduous fruit trees and strawberry; european red spider mite. P. ulnii (Koch) on deciduous fruit trees; kanzawa spider mite, T. kanzawai Kishida on tea, strawberry and mulberry. Thirty species of native predators were recorded, including 14 species predatory insects and 16 species of predatory mites. Stethorus loi Sasaji, Oligota cwiformis (Casey), Arthrocnodax occidentalis Felt., Amblyssius iongispipinosus (Evans). A. womrsleyi Schicha, A. ovolis (Evans), and A. htrbicolus (Chant) were identified as more important ones.
The infestation of citrus red mite is becoming rather severe in citrus orchards since its beneficial predators are sacrified by the extensive and frequent use of insecticides. A serious damage to citrus fruit caused by citrus rust mite. Recently, it was found commonly infested by an entornogenous fungus, Hirsulella thompsonii Fish. The fungus mycelia were used for field spray in order to evaluate its pathogenicity and effectiveness in the rust mite control. Encouraged results were obtained.
Five species of Amblysrirts mites associated with kanzawa spider mite in the mulberry groves. Field distribution pattern of A. womersleryi did match kanrawa spider mite population distribution. A. womersleyi was evaluated as the best biocontrol agent for kanzawa spider mite population. Mass releases of this predators to the mulberry groves, bringing about satisfactory control.
Kanzawa spider mite and two spotted spider mite also attack strawberry in Taiwan. Mass releases of A. longispinosrs resulted is an overall 85% reduction in the kanzawa spider mite population after 4 weeks initial releases. But for two-spotted spider mits, it gave poor control results. Recently, a new phytoseiid, A. californicus (McGregor) has been introduced from Hawaii, this predatory mite is relatively easy to mass-rear. Plots in which predators were primarily mass released had established and lower populations of T. urticae. Further field colonization is now in progress.
Kanzawa spider mite also can be serious pest in Taiwan tea plants. In some fields the predatory mite, A. longispinosns is an effective predator of the kanzawa spider mite. Pesticides used to control the tea insect pests can disrupt this biological control. 10 insecticides were used to select the predators which were collected from different locations and plants, and selected this predators for resistance to carhamates, organophosphates and pyrethoids in the laboratory and obtained dirnetboate, dimethoate-carbaryl and carbaryl resistant strains. Mass release and field colonization is now in progress.
Two-spotted spider mite and european red spider mite are newly invaded mite pests. Because they also readily develop resistance to pesticides, effective biological control is especially desirable, Recently, .Amblyseius fallacis (Garnan) and A. californicus (McGrogor) were imported from Michigan and Hawaii, respectively, as potential biological control agent of both spider mites on deciduous fruit trees. Mass-rear is now in progress.
臺灣現有記錄之葉蟎類超過50種，但其中以在柑桔之柑桔葉蟎(Panonychus citri(McGegor))和柑桔锈蟎(Phyllocoptruta oleivora Ashmead)，溫帶果樹之二點葉蟎(Tetranychus urticae Koch)和歐洲葉蟎(Panonychus ulmi Koch)，茶樹、草莓及桑樹上神澤葉蟎(Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida)及草莓上的二點葉蟎最為重要。而葉蟎之天敵也有30種之多，其中14種屬捕食性昆蟲，另16種則屬捕食性蟎類，其中以羅氏小黑瓢蟲(Stethorus loi Sasaji)，小黑隱翅蟲(Oligota oviformis (Casey))
，西方癭蠅(Arthrocnodas occidentalis Felt.)，長毛捕植蟲(Amblyseius longispinosus (Evans))，溫氏捕植蟎(A. womersleyi Schicha)，卵形捕植蟎(A. avails (Evans))及大形捕植蟲(A. herbicolus (Chant))等7種最為最要。
自從新型合成殺蟲劑之廣為施用以來，由於葉蟎天敵大量遭受毒殺，因而使柑桔葉蟎猖獗發生。另一種柑枯鐫蠟則對桔果嚴重危害，近年來發現一種寄生锈蟎之真菌普遍在柑桔園內出現，曾以其菌絲之懸浮液噴施於田間柑桔，以測知其對锈蟎之致病性及防治效果，結果令人滿意。
在桑園內常見有5種捕植蟎與神澤葉蟎相伴發生，經比較測定獲知溫氏捕植蟎之分布模式與神澤葉蠟之棲群分布相配台，故溫氏捕植蟎被認為是神澤葉蟎之最佳生物防治之天敵。進一步大量將此捕植蟎釋放於桑園，對神澤葉蟎具有滿意之防治效果。
神澤葉蟎和二點葉蟎亦為害草莓，大量釋放長毛捕植蟎經4星期後對神澤葉蟎可具85%之防治效果，但對二點葉蝓則效果不彰。最近自夏威夷引進捕植蟎Amblyseiuscaliformcus (McGregor))，此蟎對本省氣候適應，在室內大量繁殖極為容易，經田間釋放對二點葉蟎確有顯著防治功能，進一步田間大量釋放試驗正在進行中。
神澤葉蟎近年來又對本省茶樹構成嚴重危害，長毛捕植蟎雖亦在茶園中對神澤葉蟎可予有效控制，但由於對其他害蟲必須施用多種殺蟲劑，故長毛捕植蟎在茶園中出現密度極低，近年來在不同地區及作物上調去長毛捕植蟎，並以10種茶園常用藥劑予以測試結果，發現本省具有3種抗藥性之長毛捕植蟎之品系。目前正以此抗藥性長毛捕植蟎大量繁殖供茶園釋放之用，試驗正在進行中。
二點葉蟎及歐洲葉蟎為二種入侵本省之害蟎，而本省缺乏有效之天敵可予壓抑，又此二葉蟎之抗藥性又高，藥劑防治極為困難，故近來又引進加州捕植蟎及法拉斯捕桔蠟(Amblyseius fallacis (Garlnan))，對此二葉蟎均屬強有力之天敵，大量繁殖及釋放正在進行中。
Subjects
Biological control
Citrus red spider mite
citrus rust mite
European red spider mite
kanzawa spider mite
two-spotted spider mite
deciduous fruit trees
mulberry
tea
strawberry
生物防治
柑桔葉蟎
柑桔锈蟎
歐洲葉蟎
神澤葉蟎
二點葉蟎
溫帶果樹
桑樹
茶
草莓
Publisher
植病保護學會
Type
journal article
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