水稻病蟲害抗性檢定工作回顧

Abstract

水稻抗病、抗蟲檢定工作係水稻育種程序中重要的一環，為配合水稻育種，針對台灣稻作主要病蟲害設置檢定圃，以篩檢國內各稻作改良場所新育成水稻品種(系)對主要病蟲害之抵抗性反應。本文綜述過去35 年來有關水稻對病蟲害抵抗性檢定之工作成果，歷年來參加檢定之品種(系)高達一萬多個，檢定項目涵蓋稻熱病(Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) M. E. Barr.)、白葉枯病(Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Swings et al. 1990)、紋枯病(Thanatephorus cucumeris A.B. (Frank) Donk)、縞葉枯病(Rice stripe virus)、黃萎病(Phytoplasma)、黃葉病(Rice transitory yellowing virus)等6 種病害及褐飛蝨(Nilaparvata lugens (Stal))、白背飛蝨 (Sogatella furcifera (Horvath))、斑飛蝨(Laodelphax striatella (Fallen))、二化螟蟲(Chilo suppressalis (Walker))等4 種蟲害。在上述水稻抗病蟲檢定中，較具成效且選出具有抗性品種並推廣給農民種植者只有抗稻熱病、白葉枯病、縞葉枯病、褐飛蝨、白背飛蝨及斑飛蝨之檢定。展望今後水稻抗病蟲檢定，需要植物病理、昆蟲專家與水稻育種人員密切合作，各盡其職，團隊合作才能落實；此外應加強利用分子生物技術於抗病蟲檢定及育種體系，以提昇檢定成效並縮短抗性品種育成所需時日。 The screening tests of rice varietal resistance to major diseases and insect pests is an important part of rice breeding process in Taiwan. This paper reviews the progress in screening tests of rice varietal resistance to diseases and insect pests during past 35 years. In past, there are more than ten thousand rice varieties and strains have been screened for their resistance to rice blast (Magnaporthe grisea (Hebert) M. E. Barr.), bacterial leaf blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Ishiyama) Swings et al. 1990), sheath blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris A.B. (Frank) Donk), rice stripe (Rice stripe virus), rice yellow dwarf (Phytoplasma), rice transitory yellowing(Rice transitory yellowing virus), brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens (Stal)), white backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera (Horvath)), smaller brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatella (Fallen)), and striped rice borer (Chilo suppressalis (Walker)). However, among these tests, only a few resistant rice varieties were released for commercial cultivation, whether they were resistance to blast, bacterial leaf blight, stripe, brown planthopper, white backed planthopper or smaller brown planthopper. Since the work on the area of varietal resistance to diseases and insect pests only can be achieved by a close cooperation of rice breeder, plant pathologist and entomologist, encouragement of these researcher working together is the most importance to accelerate the progress of research in the future. Besides, developing and appling the new molecular techniques to enhance the test efficiency and shorten the time for developing resistant varieties are also needed urgently.