水稻多樣化育種與多樣化利用

Abstract

隨著經濟的發展，國內消費者口感及喜好隨之改變，又加入世界貿易組織國內稻米市場開放進口等，國內水稻的栽培及利用受到相當大的衝擊及改變，為順應改變及衝擊，提高水稻多樣化育種與利用便成為當前水稻育種及加工上的首要目標。米品種在澱粉特性、蛋白質、脂肪酸、色素、胺基酸、礦物元素、維他命、心白大小、胚、胚乳形態及構造上等具有相當大的變化，未來對於這些新形態的開發及利用是擴大稻米利用上重要的途徑，農試所自89年利用誘變育種及雜交育種進行米多用途品種的開發，經多年的努力已獲致數種多用途米種，其中包括具有保健營養效果或適製釀酒的米種，諸如黃金米、巨胚米、釀酒米、香米、低蛋白質米、糯性、半糯性、紫香糯米、及紅糯米等米種，初步已完成含特殊營養成份之加工原料米種的開發。米的營養價值相當完整且均衡，可做為優良食品加工原料來源，以米為原料的釀造產品出現很大的揮灑空間，農試所進行米酒及米醋產品的開發，已建立高級鮮飲米酒、香草酒、茶酒及米醋等製造技術，由於產品質優味美，可提供未來米釀造產品研發的重要基礎。至於米除可做為食品用途外，其萃取物有除皺、滋潤、護理、滋養、保濕、抗氧化、深層清潔、修護、控油等多項功能，以其作為化妝品原料是相當值得嚐試及開發的方向，而利用米多用途品種為原料目前則開發多種優質的美容保養品，諸如米香胚美容皂、酒粕美顏皂、磨砂膏、化妝水、精華液、乳液、酒粕面膜、蜜粉及眼影等多種以米為原料的美容保養產品。 The rice cultivation and utilization has been encountered impact and changes because of domestic economic development, different consumers’ tastes and preference, and the import of rice after joining WTO (World Trade Organization) in Taiwan. To increase diversified breeding and multipurpose utilizations in rice are becoming the most important objectives in current rice breeding and process. Rice varieties exhibit diversely in starch properties, proteins, fatty acids, pigments, amino acids, minerals, vitamins, the size of white core, embryo, endosperm morphology and structure. How to develop and use new forms are important to increase multipurpose utilization of rice in the future. Taiwan Agriculture Research Institute (TARI) has been employing mutation breeding and cross breeding for developing multipurpose utilization of rice varieties since 1990. After great efforts of several years, we obtain several new rice varieties with multipurpose utilization, including those for nutrition supplements or rice brewing, i.e. golden rice, giant-embryo rice, brewers rice, aromatic rice, low-protein rice, glutinous rice, dull rice, black-aromatic rice, red glutinous rice, and so on. We accomplished the development of rice varieties with special nutrients as raw materials for industrial processing in initial. The nutrition of rice is quite complete and balanced, and rice can be served as excellent raw materials for processing. Rice can be used as raw materials for brewing extensively. TARI is ongoing the development of rice liquor and rice vinegar, and has established several techniques of making premium rice liquor, herbal liquor, tea liquor, and rice vinegar. Because of the high-quality and good tastes of those rice processed products, the techniques provide the important foundation for R&D of rice brewing in the future. Besides of food, rice extracts have other function, such as anti-wrinkle, moisturizing, nourishing, hydrating, antioxidant, deep cleaning, repair, and oil control. It is worthwhile to try and develop rice as the raw materials for cosmetics and skincare. As the result, we develop several premium cosmetic and skincare products from rice, such as rice-embryo-fragrance beauty soap, sake-kasu beauty soap, exfoliator, toner, essence, lotion, sake-kasu mask, powders and eyeshadow.